Contaminated field

Herrick JB, KG Stuart-Keil, WC Ghiorse, EL Madsen (1997) Natural horizontal transfer of a naphthalene dioxygenase gene between bacteria native to a coal tar-contaminated field site. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2330-2337. 

Madsen EL, CT Thomas, MS Wilson, RL Sandoli, SE Bilotta (1996b) In situ dynamics of aromatic hydrocarbons and bacteria capable of PAH metabolism in a coal tar-waste-contaminated field site Environ Sci Technol 30 2412-2416. 

Sheep, Ovis aries Grazing for 23 months on Hg-contaminated field Diet (grass) ... 

Wilson and Madsen [152] used the metabolic pathway for bacterial naphthalene oxidation as a guide for selecting l,2-dihydroxy-l,2-dihydronaphthalene as a unique transient intermediary metabolite whose presence in samples from a contaminated field site would indicate active in situ naphthalene biodegradation (Fig. 26). Naphthalene is a component of a variety of pollutant mixtures. It is the major constituent of coal tar [345], the pure compound was commonly used as a moth repellant and insecticide [345], and it is a predominant constituent of the fraction of crude oil used to produce diesel and jet fuels [346]. Prior studies at a coal tar-contaminated field site have focused upon contaminant transport [10,347], the presence of naphthalene catabolic genes [348, 349], and non-metabolite-based in situ contaminant biodegradation [343]. 

Table 4. Activity of flax and hemp cultivars after planting on low contaminated field.

Milani, D., Reynoldson, T.B., Borgmann, U. and Kolasa, J. (2003) The relative sensitivity of four benthic invertebrates to metals in spiked-sediment exposures and application to contaminated field sediment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22 (4), 845-854. 

Spromberg et al. (1998) used a toxicant-treated metapopulation model to explore the range of possible dynamics of populations in contaminated field sites. A singlespecies metapopulation model was developed, and the distribution of the chemical was assumed to be limited to one patch and contagious within that patch. Both persistent and degradable toxicants were modeled. Five principal conclusions resulted from the simulation studies ... 

Binocular microscope and lamp Field forms and folders Used to assist identification of panned concentrate minerals/contaminants Field forms as illustrated in Fig. 4.3 and a folder to keep them dry and clean. Ideally could be replaced by handheld computer devices... 

Mancini S. A., Couloume G. L., Jonker H., van Breukelen B. M., Groen J., VoUcering F., and Lollar B. S. (2002) Hydrogen isotopic enrichment an indicator of biodegradation at a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated field site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36( 11), 2464—2470. 

Among the many published studies that have used the earthworm reproduction test to measure chemical toxicity, only a few have assessed contaminated field soils. Two studies have been conducted along the contamination gradients from two smelting works (Spurgeon and Hopkin, 1995 Posthuma et al., 1998). Both studies found that earthworm reproduction was affected by elevated metal concentrations in soil close to the point source. Studies in contaminated soils have indicated that reproduction can be influenced also by the soil characteristics (Saterbak et al., 1999). This makes the choice of suitable control soils vital for the assessment. 

Spurgeon, D.J. and Hopkin, S.P. (1995) Extrapolation of the laboratory based OECD earthworm toxicity test to metal contaminated field sites. Ecotoxicology, 4, 190-205. 

In the micro contamination field, a power law is used to describe particle size distributions in clean rooms (Cooper, 1993). The cumulative distribution for the power law form is... 

Abdul, A.S. and Ang, C.C. (1994) In-situ surfactant washing of polychlorinated-biphenyls and oils from a contaminated field site - Phase II pilot-study. Ground Water, 32(5), 727-734. 

Reports on the presence of explosives in sediments from contaminated field sites exist. However, a lack of adequate information on spatial distribution of contamination, and the bioavailability and toxicity of sediment-associated explosives in historically contaminated military (e.g., former manufacturing plants) and active training sites (e.g., Navy firing ranges) preclude an accurate evaluation of the local and global environmental significances of the presence of explosives in aquatic systems. We encourage additional research to fill this substantial data gap. 

Uncertainty Related to the Quantification of In-Situ Biodegradation in Contaminated Field Sites... 

The determination of the genotoxic properties of these chemicals is of relevance since their residues and derivatives are known to contaminate field crops. 

Reddy KR, Ala PR. (2005). Electrokinetic remediation of metal-contaminated field soil. Separation Science and Technology 40(8) 1701-1720. 

The electrokinetic remediation of Hg from contaminated soils is notoriously very difficult due to its low solubility, as stated in the previous chapter. Moreover, the electrokinetics of Hg mixed with heavy metals has not been extensively studied. The most efficient removal of Hg in soils was conducted by the oxidation of reduced insoluble Hg(l) to Hg(II) using I2 (Cox, Shoesmith, and Ghosh, 1996). Here, an anionic complex is formed, where Hg(II) ions are available to migrate through the soil toward the anode. In a recent investigation of the decontamination of mixed heavy metals from contaminated field soils, only Hg was observed to have a different removal property from more than the 10 other metal contaminants (Reddy and Ala, 2005). The system where EDTA solution was applied as the electrolyte was... 

Concerning nutrient availability, from bioremediation practice, it was observed that a ratio of approximately C N P of 250 10 3 is suitable for microbial growth (Geller, 1991). However, this ratio is mostly not found at contaminated field sites. 

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