Ferrous sulfate dosing

Iron Dose (mg of ferrous sulfate) Dose of Ascorbic Acid (mg) Ratio of Absorption With Ascorbic Acid/Without Ascorbic Acid Reference... 

Chemical dosimeters based on ferrous sulfate, ferrous cupric sulfate, or ceric sulfate are generally used. Color-change process indicators are also used, but these cannot measure the radiation dose, only the extent of sterilization. 

Irradiation Conditions. The gamma (cobalt-60) radiation facility and the source calibration are described by Holm and Jarrett (4). Irradiation doses were 3-4 Mrad and 6-7.5 Mrad at 9 X 102 rads per second for the screening study. Irradiation temperatures were 5, —30, and — 90°C. The gamma source was calibrated with the ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate dosimeter. 

Antacids also have clinically significant drug interactions with tetracycline, ferrous sulfate, isoniazid, quinidine, sul-fonylureas, and quinolone antibiotics. Antacid-drug interactions are influenced by antacid composition, dose, dosage schedule, and formulation. 

The treatment of choice (after the cause of bleeding has been found and eliminated) consists of the oral administration of Fe + compounds, e.g ferrous sulfate (daily dose 100 mg of iron equivalent to 300 mg of FeS04, divided into multiple doses). Replenishing of iron stores may take several months. 

Ferrous sulfate >325 mg/d Doses >325 mg/d do not dramatically increase the amount absorbed but greatly increase the incidence of constipation. Low... 

Product analysis of y-R was carried out in a Pyrex tube with an inner diameter of 1.0 cm at room temperature (r.t.). After y-R, the reaction mixtures were directly analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The G values were calculated from the product yields, and the absorbed dose measured by the ferrous sulfate dosimeter (Fricke dosimeter). 

The oral dosage for rapidly excreted tetracyclines, equivalent to tetracycline hydrochloride, is 0.25-0.5 g four times daily for adults and 20-40 mg/kg/d for children (8 years of age and older). For severe systemic infections, the higher dosage is indicated, at least for the first few days. The daily dose is 600 mg for demeclocycline or methacycline, 100 mg once or twice daily for doxycycline, and 100 mg twice daily for minocycline. Doxycycline is the oral tetracycline of choice because it can be given as a once-daily dose and its absorption is not significantly affected by food. All tetracyclines chelate with metals, and none should be orally administered with milk, antacids, or ferrous sulfate. To avoid deposition in growing bones or teeth, tetracyclines should be avoided in pregnant women and children less than 8 years of age. 

A dosimeter suitable for measuring the radiation intensity at doses in the range of 10 to 8 X 1CP rads consists of a solution of 0.001 M ferrous sulfate-0.01M cupric sulfate in 0.0ION sulfuric add. If the recommended concentrations are used, the dosimeter is reproducible to 0.3% and stable after irradiation to approximately 2% per week. The dose received by the recommended dosimeter can be calculated, if read at 25°C., by converting the change in absorbance (AA) using the equation dose (rads) =... 

HPhe Fricke dosimeter (ferrous sulfate solutions) has been used to measure A the radiation intensity of various types of ionizing radiation sources since its development by Fricke and Morse in 1927 (2). It is widely accepted because it yields accurate and reproducible results with a minimum of care. This system meets many of the requirements specified for an ideal dosimeter (5, 9) however, it has a limited dose range, and for our applications it has been necessary to develop a dosimeter covering larger doses. Of the systems reviewed (6, 7), two (ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate and ceric sulfate) showed the most promise for use with the radiation sources at the U. S. Army Natick Laboratories (8). Of these, the ferrous-cupric system has received the most use, and this paper describes our experience in using this system and suggests procedures by which it may be used by others with equal success. 

Since oxygen is not consumed in the over-all reaction, it does not affect G Fe3+). This dosimeter shows no dose rate effect under the usual conditions of 7-ray irradiation since all of the above reactions except Reaction 6 are fast, and this reaction has a half-life of 14 seconds in 0.001M ferrous sulfate (1). 

Reproducibility. To determine the maximum variation in results that one might expect when using the ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate system as a routine dosimeter, we prepared a number of dosimeters containing the standard solution and irradiated them in a No. 10 can similar to that previously described. These dosimeters gave a dose rate for the position of... 

To calibrate the cobalt source, three systems are most often used ferrous sulfate, ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate, and ceric sulfate. Dosimeters of these solutions are prepared by filling 5-ml. chemical-resistant glass ampoules with approximately 5 ml. of solution and flame-sealing the ampoules. The ampoules are then arranged in phantoms of Masonite or similar materials (Figure 13) to simulate the food items. These phantoms are placed in containers similar to those used for food products, and arranged in the conveyor carrier in which they are transported into the irradiation cell. Because of the upper dose limit of the ferrous sulfate and ferrous sulfate-cupric sulfate dosimeters (40,000 and 800,000 rads, respectively), these systems can be used only to establish the dose rate in the facility and not to monitor the total dose during food irradiation. The ceric dosimeter which... 

In the radiation grafting work, experiments were performed in spent fuel element and cobalt-60 facilities of the Australian Atomic Energy Commission, dose rates being determined by ferrous sulfate dosimetry (G(Fe)= 15.6). For the specific irradiations, which were carried out in quadruplicate, small strips (5 x 4cm) of cellulose (Whatman No. 41, W.R. Balston Pty. Ltd., double acid-washed chromatography grade) were equilibrated at 65% relative humidity for 24 h at 23 °C, folded into test tubes (16 x 1.2 cm), monomer solution (6ml) added to the tubes which were then lightly stoppered. After irradiation, the strips... 

In one other instance, plasma ferritin levels may be elevated even when the body s iron stores are low. Plasma ferritin may be elevated in the first few days of iron therapy in anemia, particularly where the doses of iron are high. Anemia in infants, for example, can be treated with 6 mg of iron/kg body weight per day. The iron can be supplied as oral ferrous sulfate. Iron deficiency anernia in adults can be treated with 50 mg of iron three times a day. The iron can be supplied as ferrous sulfate. Early rises in serum ferritin may not occur at these doses, but can occur at higher doses. With the use of standard doses, scrum ferritin may rise into the ronraJ range only after the anemia has been corrected. 

Cow milk-based infant formulas are supplemented with iron at levels of about 12 mg/liter. Here, the iron is added as ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate. Commercial infant cereals are supplemented with sma[l iron particles (powdered iron) at levels dose to 50 mg iron per 100 g dry cereal. The particles have a diameter of less than 10 mm. This amount of iron is tenfold greater than the iron naturally present in the cereal. The absorption of the iron supplied in particulate form is about i%. 

In an open, randomized, single-dose, five-way crossover study of the effects of ferrous sulfate on the systemic availability of gemifloxacin, there were no changes when gemifloxacin was given at least 2 hours before or at least 3 hours after ferrous sulfate (9). 

A healthy 5-year-old girl, who had taken large doses of oral ferrous sulfate 300 mg five times a day (300 mg of elemental iron/day) for 5 years, developed severe hemosiderosis (29). Liver biopsy showed preserved lobular architecture, but the portal tracts were expanded by fibrosis and there was mild septal fibrosis. There was siderosis of the hepatic parenchymal cells and hemosiderin deposition in the Kupffer cells. She had no under-Ijdng hematological disease and her iron absorption was normal. HLA phenotypes and DNA analysis for the most common mutations associated with hemochromatosis excluded homozygous and heterozygous hereditary hemochromatosis. She was successfully treated by phlebotomy. Iron studies 10 years later were normal. 

Single dose infusions of iron dextran appear to have increased the occurrence of malaria in endemic regions. There was an increased mortality after oral or parenteral iron therapy in children with severe malnutrition (kwashiorkor), perhaps due to overwhelming infections (36). Reactivation of quiescent infections of various other types has been observed in African nomads following ferrous sulfate therapy (SEDA-4,171). Iron dextran has similarly been associated with a flaring up of latent tuberculosis in children. 

For quantitative studies in radiation chemistry, it is essential that the energy input into the irradiated volume should be accurately determined. For this purpose, the most versatile and reliable method is the ferrous sulfate dosimeter, proposed by Fricke and Morse. The method involves the use of an air-saturated solution of 10 M ferrous sulfate and 10 M sodium chloride in 0.8 N sulfuric acid. On exposure of the solution to ionizing radiations, the ferrous ion is oxidized to ferric ion, which may conveniently be determined accurately by spectrophotometry. The amount of chemical change is proportional to the total energy-input, independent of dose rate, and (within wide limits) independent of the concentration of ferrous ion, ferric ion, and oxygen. The main reactions involved are as follows. 

This synthesis is carried out under the influence of beta irradiation from a 1 curie Sr Y " source. Gaseous reactants are taken in an approximate H2/N2 = 2 ratio. They are introduced at atmospheric pressure in the reaction chamber in the presence of microporous alumina. The walls of the pyrex vessel have a thickness of 50 mg./cm.. The energy dissipated into the reaction medium is measured by chemical ferrous sulfate actinometry and by direct measurement with a proportional window counter. Irradiation is carried out long enough so as to dissipate an energy dose of approximately 10 e.v. into the system. Irradiation temperature is 25°C. 

Animal Studies. Studies with experimental animals have demonstrated enhancement of iron absorption in the presence of ascorbic acid. Brown and Bother (3) failed to observe an enhancement of iron uptake after 30 min when 20 fig of iron-59-labeled ferrous sulfate and 100 mg of ascorbic acid were injected by stomach tube into 200-g rats, but Van Campen (4) found that 17.6 mg of ascorbic acid promoted the absorption of a 100-/Ag dose of iron-59-labeled ferric chloride given by stomach tube to 6-week-old rats. 

Using a radioiron technique (15), 105 mg of iron as ferrous sulfate embedded in resin to form a tablet was better absorbed when 500 mg of ascorbic acid was incorporated into the preparation as compared with resin-embedded ferrous sulfate or an aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate. In the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, a more rapid repletion of hemoglobin was found when 500-750 mg of supplementary vitamin C was given prior to an oral dose of therapeutic metallic iron (16). 

Dose Adult 50 mg/day Infant and child dose of iron, ages 6 months to 2 years old is 1.5/mg/kg. Ferrous sulfate for therapeutic use 600-1200 mg/day in divided doses... 

Because fluoroquinolones have a wide therapeutic index and dose-dependent toxicity, routine drug monitoring is not indicated. Monitoring fluoroquinolone concentration is indicated in renal failure, which wfll cause fluoroquinolones to accumulate. Optimal response occurs when serum concentration exceeds 1.5 Llg/mL. Activity is maintained as long as the trough concentration is >0.2flg/mL. Coadministration with antacids, ferrous sulfate, food, or sucralfate reduces absorption by 30% to 60%. Co-administration with morphine reduces absorption by >50%. 

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