Toxicity dose-dependent

Vestibular toxicity Dose-dependent reversible dizziness and vertigo have been reported with doxycycUne and minocycline. 

Toxicity Dose-dependent peripheral neuropathy is the major adverse effect of ddC. Pancreatitis, esophageal ulceration, stomatitis, and arthralgias may also occur. 

II. Toxic dose. The toxic dose depends on the type of bacteria or toxin and its concentration in the ingested food, as well as individual susceptibility or resistance. Some of the preformed toxins (eg, staphylococcal toxin) are heat resistant and once in the food are not removed by cooking or boiling. 

II. The toxic dose depends on the product and the route of exposure, lodophors and iodoform liberate only small amounts of iodine and are generally nontoxic and noncaustic. 

II. Toxic dose. The toxic dose depends on renal function and the rate of infusion. 

D(x) the (toxic) dose versus distance on the cloud centerline axis. The (toxic) dose depends of course on the exposure time, being the time between cloud arrival and evacuation. The dose is defined as the integral of C over the time interval between cloud arrival and evacuation, and the toxic dose is the integral of C" over the time interval between cloud arrival and evacuation. The real number n depends on the toxic chemical substance. 

Side Effects and Toxicity. Adverse effects to the tricycHc antidepressants, primarily the result of the actions of these compounds on either the autonomic, cardiovascular, or central nervous systems, are summarized in Table 3. The most serious side effects of the tricycHcs concern the cardiovascular system. Arrhythmias, which are dose-dependent and rarely occur at therapeutic plasma levels, can be life-threatening. In order to prevent adverse effects, as weU as to be certain that the patient has taken enough dmg to be effective, the steady-state semm levels of tricycHc antidepressant dmgs are monitored as a matter of good practice. A comprehensive review of stmcture—activity relationships among the tricycHc antidepressants is available (42). 

Depending on the dose and temperature regime, the screening effect azomopine is observed after intoxication by chlorophos. The survival of white rats injected with this preparation is 50% higher than that of control rats. When toxic doses of copper sulfate were injected for 7 days, 70 and 36% of the rats survived. After the simultaneous injection of azomopine, their survival increased to 100 and 70% (74MI1). 

Animal data consistently show dibutyltin dichloride to cause dose-dependent developmental toxicity, such as fetal deaths, birth defects, and reductions in fetal weight. 

Monobutyltin Rat MBTC Gestation days 7-17at0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight Maternal toxicity thymic atrophy dose-dependent developmental toxicity fetuses with visceral or skeletal abnormalities NOAEL >400 Noda etal. (1992)... 

Sea urchin toxins extracted from spines or pedicellariae have a variety of pharmacological actions, including electrophysiological ones (75). Dialyzable toxins from Diadema caused a dose-dependent increase in the miniature end-plate potential frequency of frog sartorius muscle without influencing membrane potential (76). A toxin from the sea urchin Toxopneustes pUeolus causes a dose-dependent release of histamine (67). Toxic proteins from the same species also cause smooth muscle contracture in guinea pig ileum and uterus, and are cardiotoxic (77). 

The acceptable limits for toxic exposure depend on whether the exposure is brief or prolonged. Lethal concentration for airborne materials and lethal dose for non-airbome materials are measured by tests on animals. The limits for brief exposure to toxic materials that are airborne are usually measured by the concentration of toxicant that is lethal to 50% of the test group over a given... 

Little progress was made after these preliminary findings until 2004, when Lam et al. investigated the pulmonary toxicity of three types of SWNTs (raw HiPCO SWNTs, purified HiPCO SWNTs, and Ni-catalyzed arc discharge SWNTs) instilled in mice [58]. It was found that all three SWNT samples induced dose-dependent lung lesions and interstitial inflammation after 7 days. These lesions persisted and worsened after 90 days. 

Controversial results were reported by Warheit et al. in two studies [57, 65] in which rats were exposed to raw SWNTs. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity indices indicated that exposure to SWNTs produced only transient inflammation. Histological examination of exposed animals, however, identified the development of granulomas, which were non-dose dependent, nonuniform in distribution and not progressive after 1 month. The presence of granulomas was considered inconsistent with the lack of severe lung inflammation. These two reports highlighted the need for more research on the potential pulmonary toxicity of CNTs, shifting the scientific focus towards this aim. 

In subacute toxicity studies only the highest rifaximin dose (i.e. 100 mg/kg, corresponding to 25 times the therapeutic dose in humans) induced mild toxic effects (like, for instance, acute gastroenteritis) connected to the topical GI action of the drug [59, 255], A dose-dependent increase of the total cholesterol value was recorded in female animals [255], most likely due to an alteration of biliary acid metabolism consequent to the antibiotic effect on gut flora [256]. 

In turkeys, natural diets with as much as 800 mg Cu/kg ration have no adverse effects on growth or survival. But purified diets are toxic to turkeys in three weeks, and purified diets that contain as little as 50 mg Cu/kg ration produce adverse effects (Waibel et al. 1964). Turkeys fed purified diets with supplemented copper show a dose-dependent increase in mortality and decrease in growth these effects are attributed to a copper-accelerated dietary deterioration (Supplee 1964). Turkey growth and survival are acceptable when fed purified diets supplemented with as much as 800 mg Cu/kg ration provided that effective levels of added antioxidant (0.02% ethoxyquin) and stabilized sources of Vitamins A and D are present (Supplee 1964). 

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