Federally funded

Because of the wide range of ideological leanings of various administrations, direct subsidies and federally funded research and development have fluctuated wildly since the late 1970s. In 1980 the United States spent 260 inillion on solar research and development, but then the amount fell to 38 million by 1990. Between 1990 and 1994 support doubled, reaching 78 million. 

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 1985, 1986, and 1987, Volume XXXV (Detailed Statistical Tables). Washington, D.C. National Science Foundation, 1986. 

A similar overview of German activities in 1998 is provided in [65]. The German working party on micro-reaction technology is presented, a federal funding program is introduced, and three top-priority research projects are presented. They show the activities at the edge of acceptance by industry. 

The argument is often made that African Americans and other ethnic minorities do not participate in clinical trials because they do not want to. African Americans in particular were thought to be suspicious of participation because of previous experiences of exploitation and manhandling of vulnerable minority groups (Melfi et al, 2000 Corbie-Smith et al, 1999). The Tusgekee syphilis study is often cited as a reason for mistrust (Shavers et al, 2000 Shavers et al, 2002 Corbie-Smith et al, 1999). This study was a federally funded study of the long-term consequences of syphilis on African American men initially started before antibiotics were available. 

Chronological Age. Because of this wide variation within the elderly population, it is difficult to devise a catch-all age one must attain to be considered elderly. Within the government, there also appears to be a problem of consistently defining this age group. Table 2, which lists a variety of federally funded programs and their corresponding age criteria, illustrates this point quite well. Table 3 lists what seems to be one of the better classification systems that has been devised [5], As well as being the system currently used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, it is often implemented in studies that specifically deal with elderly populations [6,7]. 

Sustained increased funding for basic biomedical research and the training of future researchers based on NIH and other federal funding in support of academic centers... 

This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. NO 1-CO-12400. 

Regulations governing the use of human subjects in federally funded research projects within the United States include a statement encouraging racial diversity... 

A new kind of relationship is emerging between universities and industry in the chemical sciences, influenced in part by the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which allowed universities to retain intellectual property rights from federally funded research.2 As large industrial organizations have fewer and smaller departments doing long-range or basic research, they look to universities both for fundamental research and for students. In contrast to previous decades, in which many compa-... 

TABLE 12-3 Federal Funding for Research in Science and Engineering (Millions of 2000 Dollars)11... 

There are many different molecular mechanics force fields available. Many of them were originally developed in academic laboratories to solve specific problems. For example, some were designed to handle small molecules while others were developed to deal with protein structures. Today, the original demarcation between macromolcules and small molecules has become blurred, and they now are commercially available. Initially, many molecular mechanics programs were distributed at nominal costs, but due to the lack of federal funding for most molecular mechanics... 

Stigmatization, disease-based, 75-77 Strict liability, 190, 191, 326-327 Structural Genomics Project, 41 Studies, federally funded, 280. See also Research... 

Unheard of amounts of federal funds is going into the construction of biocontainment laboratories, or hot labs, where the deadliest biological agents and potential bioweapons can be studied, researched and analyzed. These new hot labs would be mainly Biosafety Level 4 and Biosafety Level 3 laboratories dealing with infectious agents and toxins, the worst kind as far as danger and safety is concerned. 

Abutilon theophrasti, 11 295 Abzymes, 11 4 AC7230, 20 131 Acacia gum, 4 727 13 70-71 Academic research, federal funding of, 24 355... 

The monitoring system was a stimulated passive surveillance system. In other words, when vaccines purchased with federal funds were administered in the public sector, Important Information forms were given to recipients or their parents or guardians instructing them to report any illnesses requiring medical attention that occurred within four weeks of vaccination. System coordinators at each immunization project or grantee site and the state health department completed standardized forms that were reviewed for consistency and completeness and then forwarded to the CDC for data entry and analysis. 

In the late 1980s, the DOE shifted to the development of advanced higher temperature fuel cell technologies, especially molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cell systems. Federal funding for these technologies resulted in private commercial manufacturing facilities and commercial sales. 

Brownfields are contaminated and derelict land typically in urban settings in which federal funds, limited to 200,000, have been made available. These funds are often associated with significant tax benefits, and serve as seed money for state-granted assistance to selected private-sector developers. The objective of the brownfield initiative, like that of the VCPs, is to assist in the rebuilding of distressed urban areas, to create jobs, and to strengthen cities infrastructure. Under this alternative,... 

Wastewater facilities Experts view on how federal funds should be spent to improve... 

A burning issue is the ethics of obtaining pluripotent stem cells from embryos and fetuses. The US government has acted on this issue and declared that federal funds for stem cell research have to meet certain criteria. It requires that funding will only be provided to research with stem cells obtained before August 9, 2001, as a cut-off date to limit research to preexisting stem cells. Refer to Section 11.7 for an ethical debate on stem cells. 

R D. But, companies could push their views only so far because most of the support of research in the schools came from federal funds (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

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