Fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid

There is evidence that the level of an omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid) is low in the tissues of subjects who exhibit violent behaviour. Supplementation with this fatty acid has been shown to reduce aggression in a normal population of university students. 

Labyrin- thomorpba Thrausto- chytriaies 0/30 Mar. FATTY ACIDS docosahexaenoic acid. MDC. BIOGEN. glycosphingolipids Jenkins 1999 medi- um low... 

Lim GP, Calon F, Morihara T, Yang F, Teter B, Ubeda O, Salem N Jr, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model. J. Neurosci. 2005 25 3032-3040. Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Shimada T, Shido O. Docosahexaenoic acid-induced protective effect against impaired learning in amyloid beta-infused rats is associated with increased synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006 33 934-939. 

Kang and Leaf provided evidence that PUFAs block sodium currents only in the free form (Kang Leaf, 1994). Incorporated in the membrane, bound to albumin, or esteri-fied, they are inactive. They also showed that the efficacy depends on the number of double bonds, the n-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) being the most effective (Kang Leaf, 1994). Finally, they showed that PUFAs have a similar action on calcium channels (Xiao, Gomez, Morgan, Lederer Leaf, 1997), which behave in much the same way as sodium channels. 

Aside from essential amino acids, the n-3 and n-6 fatty acids constitute the largest chemical component of the cerebral cortex and retina that can be obtained only from the diet. The body cannot synthesize either the n-3 or the n-6 structure. Once the basic n-3 structure is consumed in the form of linolenic acid (18 3), the body can synthesize the longer-chained and highly polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (22 6), which is the n-3 fatty acid so predominant in the nervous system. Similarly, in the n-6 series, linoleic acid (18 2) is converted to arachidonic acid (20 4), the predominant n-6 fatty acid... 

More recently, isoprostanes from the unsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, which is enriched in the brain, have been described and termed neuro-prostanes [81]. 

Sijtsma, L. and de Swaaf, M.E. 2004. Biotechnological production and applications of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Appl. Microbiol. BiotechnoL 64, 146-153. 

EPA is often found together with the other higher polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the oils of various marine fish which are then the main commercial courses of both acids. The nutritional and dietetic importance of these fatty acids are discussed in... 

Oil from fish such as tuna and salmon is a good source of omega-3 fatty adds, including the C22 omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, whose full lUPAC name is (4Z, 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid]. DHA is also found in breast milk, gray matter of the brain, and retinal tissue. 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

Health Benefits of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid... 

Fish oils that contain high amounts of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eiocosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 6, n-3) have been suggested to decrease the risk of development of cardiovascular disease. Freshwater fish oil carp oil are not rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but tuna oil is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA Table (1) . 

Massaro M., Habib A., Lubrano L., Del Turco S., Lazzerini G., Bourcier T., Weksler B. B., and De Caterina R. (2006). The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate attenuates endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 induction through both NADP(H) oxidase and PKCe inhibition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 15184-15189. 

The vapor pressure of PCB can vary within a wide range. The more volatile PCBs have a vapor pressure around 40-75 mbar, which is similar to the vapor pressure of some organo-chlorine pesticides. Our own lab deodorization trials showed that PCBs and dioxins can be stripped from fish oil without degradation of the 00-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) provided that the deodorization pressure is very low (>2 mbar) (Table 10). Other studies showed that deodorization at 230°C and 5 mbar was insufficient to remove a PCB heat-transfer agent from contaminated rice bran oil (28). 

It has been postulated that increased consmnption of oily fish, rich in omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) which... 

Emphasis is placed on the physiological role of the two essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (n-6) and linolenic acid (n-3) and their metabolites—arachidonic acid (n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (n-3), and eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3). The uninitiated reader is... 

Pereira, S.L., Leonard, A.E., Huang, Y.S., Chuang, L.T., and Mukeiji, P. 2004. Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the omega-3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid. Biochem. J. 384, 357-366. 

Nestel, P, Shige, H., Pomeroy, S., Cehun, M., Abbey, M., and Raederstorff, D. (2002) The n-3 Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Increase Systemic Arterial Compliance in Humans, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76,326-330. 

In addition to lowering plasma TG, n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are reported to have a number of additional beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system which include antihypertensive and antithrombotic actions. EPA and DHA are major fatty acid constituents of fish oil and it has been assumed that both EPA and DHA are responsible for its hypotriglyeeridemic activity. However, growing evidence indicates that EPA and DHA may possess different hypohpidemic properties. We have reported that EPA is the fatty add primarily responsible for the TG-lowering effect of fish oil (Table 1), but the mechanism underlying this hypotriglyceridemic effect has not yet been fully elucidated. Interestingly, however, we... 

Figures 4.10(a) and 4.10(b) show oils from single cells. It is easy to see the difference in chemical shift of the two essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) [Fig. 4.10(a)] and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [Fig. 4.10(b)] as well as their asymmetrical distribution.

Fatty acids arachidonic acid docosahexaenoic acid eicosapentaenoic acid oleic acid Botryococcus braunii Chlorella sp. Crypthecodinium cohnii Nitzschia sp. Schizochytrium sp. cancer prevention cardiovascular protection immune system enhancement inflammation prevention mental and visual strengthening 56, 57... 

FIGURE 3.2 Chemical structures of the unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid (2), palmitoleic acid (3) linoleic acid (4), a-hnolenic acid (5), eicosapentaenoic acid (6), and docosahexaenoic acid (7). 

Z,Z,Z,)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid). Fish oils contain esters of eicosanoic and docosanoic acids with four to six double bonds separated by single methylene groups, eg, (i7//-Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid [6217-54-5] in menhaden oil (4). The fatty acid with conjugated double bonds in tung oil is a-eleostearic acid [506-23-0] ((F,Z,F)-9,ll,13-octadecatrienoic acid) the predominant fatty acid in oiticica oil is licanic acid [17699-20-6] (4-oxo-(F,Z,F)-9,ll,13-octadecatrienoic acid). In all oils, other fatty acids including palmitic acid [57-10-3] (hexadecanoic acid), stearic acid [57-11-4] (octadecanoic acid), and oleic acid [112-80-1] ((Z)-9-octadecenoic acid) also are present. 

Figure 10 Models of complexes between BLBP and two different fatty acids. The fatty acid ligand IS shown in the CPK representation. The small spheres in the ligand-bmdmg cavity are water molecules, (a) Model of the BLBP-oleic acid complex, in which the cavity is not filled, (b) Model of the BLBP-docosahexaenoic acid complex, m which the cavity is filled. The figure was prepared using the program MOLSCRIPT [236].

Arachidonic acid is present in membranes and accounts for 5-15% of the fatty acids in phospholipids. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 0)3, 22 6), which is syn-... 

Speaking of food that is good for the body, scientists have also found an acid (called docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA) present in fish that they believe plays a very important role in the way the brain functions. DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid. About 60% of the human brain is made up of fat, and most of that appears to be DHA fat. 

Unsaturated fatty acids are probably the most abundant oxidizable endogenous substrates. In the past it was erroneously believed that unsaturated fatty acids are just products of lipid peroxidation. Now, it has been shown that they have dietary origin. Family of unsaturated fatty acids includes linoleic (Ci8), arachidonic (C2o), docosahexaenoic (C22), and other fatty acids containing two, three, four, five, or six double bonds. Some acids can be in vivo converted into others for example, linoleic acid can be metabolized to linolenic and eicosa-trienoic acids [78]. 

Under physiologic conditions, the balance of membrane lipid metabolism, particularly that of arachidonoyl and docosahexaenoyl chains, favors a very small and tightly controlled cellular pool of free arachidonic acid (AA, 20 4n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 6n-3), but levels increase very rapidly upon cell activation, cerebral ischemia, seizures and other types of brain trauma [1, 2], Other free fatty acids (FFAs) in addition to AA, released during cell activation and the initial stages of focal and global cerebral ischemia, are stearic acid (18 0), palmitic acid (16 0) and oleic acid (18 1). 

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