Severe eye irritants

Propargyl alcohol is a primary skin irritant and a severe eye irritant and is toxic by all means of ingestion all necessary precautions must be taken to avoid contact with Hquid or vapors. The LD q is 0.07 mL/kg for white rats and 0.06 mL/kg for guinea pigs. 

Health and Safety Factors. Butyrolactone is neither a skin irritant nor a sensiti2er however, it is judged to be a severe eye irritant in white rabbits. The acute oral LD q is 1.5 ml,/kg for white rats or guinea pigs. Subacute oral feeding studies were carried out with rats and with dogs. At levels up... 

It is a skin and severe eye irritant. It is combustible when exposed to heat or flame. As discussed above, contamination with bases should be avoided where the material is to be handled at high temperature and high concentration because of the potential decomposition hazard. 

Human sensitization studies were negative at 10% solution (47). Undiluted benzyl alcohol produces moderate dermal irritation in guinea pigs and mild dermal irritation in rabbits (48,49). Severe eye irritation was noted in a rabbit study (50). Acute oral rat LD q values were reported between 1.23 and 3.10 g/kg (50—52). A dermal rabbit LD q value of 2.0 g/kg has been reported (49). Rats died after 2 h when exposed to a 200-ppm vapor concentration (53). Benzyl alcohol is readily oxidized in animals and humans to benzoic acid [65-85-0] which is then conjugated with glycine [56-40-6], and rapidly eliminated in the urine as hippuric acid [495-69-2] (54). 

A few have been found to be moderate eye irritants ia rabbits at 100 mg/24 h, including 1-aminoanthraquiaone, 1-nitroanthraquiaone, leuco-l,4-diaminoanthraquiQone, 1-chloroanthraquiaone, and ben2anthrone. 4,4 -Diben2anthronyl is reported to cause severe eye irritation (rabbit, 500 mg/24h). 

Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (aqueous ammonia solution) Weakly alkaline. Emits ammonia gas. Severe eye irritant... 

Noticeable irritation of eyes and nasal passages after few minutes exposure Severe irritation of the throat, nasal passages and upper respiratory tract Severe eye irritation... 

Severe eye irritation no pennanent elTect if the exposure is limited to less than 30 minutes... 

Humans experience a wide range of acute adverse health effects, including irritation, narcosis, asphyxiation, sensitization, blindness, organ system damage, and death. In addition, the severity of many of these effects varies with intensity and duration of e.xposure. For example, exposure to a substance at an intensity that is sufficient to cause only mild throat irritation is of less concern than one that causes severe eye irritation, lacrimation, or dizziness, since the latter effects arc likely to impede escape from the area of contamination. 

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (caustic soda) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) (caustic potash) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (slaked lime) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (aqueous ammonia solution) White deliquescent solid. Sticks, flakes, pellets. Dissolution in water is highly exothermic. Strongly basic. Severe hazard to skin tissue White deliquescent solid. Sticks, flakes, pellets. Dissolution In water is highly exothermic. Strongly basic. Severe hazard to skin tissue White powder soluble in water yielding lime water. Alkaline Weakly alkaline. Emits ammonia gas. Severe eye irritant... 

Causes severe eye irritation, skin irritation, nausea, headache, and vomiting. Inhalation is irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. May cause sensitization by skin contact. 

Casualties/personnel Aeration and ventilation. If decontamination is deemed necessary, remove all clothing as it may contain "trapped" agent. Flush skin with cool water followed by showering with copious amounts of soap and warm water. Do not use hot water as it will increase the burning sensation on the skin. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Do not allow casualties to rub their eyes or skin as this may exacerbate agent effects. 

Decontaminate the casualty ensuring that all the agents have been removed. For severe eye irritation, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. Irrigate open wounds with water or 0.9% saline solution for at least 10 minutes. 

Hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate are both violent poisons, and each can cause severe skin burns and eye damage. The vapor of each is irritating, and can cause severe eye irritation as well as liver and blood damage, but the symptoms don t always manifest right away, sometimes appearing three or four days after exposure, so it is easy for exposure to be much more dangerous than is immediately realized. In addition, anhydrous hydrazine is a sensitive and violent explosive, the explosion of which can be set off by certain types of stainless steel and such common things as wood and rust. 

Several in vitro methods, including the hen s egg chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM) the bovine cornea opacity and permeability assay (BCOP) and the isolated rabbit eye (IRE) test, have gained regulatory acceptance in Europe for the classification of severe eye irritants. Many companies are using such techniques successfully to reduce in vivo testing during development. ... 

In humans, severe eye irritation occurs at 2 5 ppm and irritation of the nose is moderate at 12.5ppm. In workers exposed to a moderate vapor level there was a syndrome of lacrimation, retrobulbar pain, photophobia, and blurring of vision. The symptoms persisted for up to 48 hours. Skin contact with the liquid has a delayed effect, causing aching that begins several hours after contact, followed by the formation of vesicles. Splashes of the liquid in human eyes have caused moderately severe reactions. ... 

The liquid is a severe skin irritant in the guinea pig it is a skin sensitizer. It is also a severe eye irritant and may produce permanent eye injury. 

Contact of solutions of ethylene oxide with the skin of human volunteers caused characteristic burns after a latent period of 1-5 hours, effects were edema and erythema and progression to vesiculation, with a tendency to coalescence into blebs, and desquamation. Complete healing without treatment usually occurred within 21 days with, in some cases, residual brown pigmentation. Application of the liquid to the skin caused frostbite three of the eight volunteers were said to have become sensitized to ethylene oxide solutions. The undiluted liquid or solutions may cause severe eye irritation or damage. 

Toxieology. Methyl silicate is a severe eye irritant and is an irritant of the nose and throat. 

Yellow phosphorus fume causes severe eye irritation with blepharospasm, photophobia, and lacrimation the solid in the eye produces severe injury. Phosphorus burns on the skin are deep and painful a firm eschar is produced and is surrounded by vesiculation. ... 

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