Skin and eye irritation

Safety. Shampoos generally do not represent a hazard with regard to skin and eye safety once used, shampoos are almost immediately rinsed and have Httie contact time on sensitive areas. To assure this safety, provisions to test the finished product for skin and eye irritation should be made. 

Fumaric Acid. Fumaric acid is used to acidify beverages for human consumption and has many iadustrial uses. Its acidic properties can cause skin and eye irritation. Fumaric acid combusts when exposed to heat or flame and can react vigorously with oxidizing agents. 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

AHphatic amine oxides such as alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and aLkylbis(2-hydroxylethyl)amiae oxides range from practically nontoxic to slightly toxic (79). Reported LD qS range from 1.77 g/kg to 6.50 g/kg. The commercial concentrated products are primary skin and eye irritants. At concentrations of 2%, these products may be considered as nonirritating to the skin or eye. 

Skin and Eye Irritation. Fatty alkylamines are generally considered to be irritating to both the skin and eyes (83). The severity or degree of irritation is usually dependent on the type of alkylamine, concentration of the chemical, time of exposure to the chemical, and sensitivity to the chemical. A small percentage of the population who come into contact with fatty amines may develop a skin hypersensitivity to certain amines and diamines. 

Further developments have brought forth polymeric quats having antimicrobial properties (158—160). Different kinds of polyquats have been described with molecular weight from 2,000 to 60,000 (153). Polymeric quats have two characteristics that make them uniquely different from the monomeric quats. One is the absence of foaming, even at high concentrations. The other is their remarkably low toxicity in skin and eye irritation tests and... 

Like other proteins, enzymes are potential allergens. In addition, proteases may act as skin and eye irritants. However, during the production and handling of industrial enzymes, the occupational health risks entailed by these properties can be avoided by protective measures, and by the form in which... 

All common amines present at least a moderate degree of skin and eye irritation. Most are corrosive. Also, CHA is toxic and is described as an extremely hazardous substance. 

Van Paassen [57,67] reported a synergistic decrease of the skin and eye irritation level of sodium lauryl ether sulfate by combination with lauryl ether carboxylates. The investigations have been carried out using the Draize eye irritation test and human patch test (Tables 13 and 14). Furthermore, measurements by in vitro methods, the Zein test, and the red blood cell test show low to no irritancy [251-253]. 

Meijer [68] describes low skin and eye irritation values compared to several other mild cosurfactants (Table 15 and Fig. 7). These amidether carboxylates have an NDELA content below detection level of 10 ppb because they are produced by using monoethanolamine. 

More recent publications on sulfosuccinates have confirmed the minimal or close to zero skin and eye irritation caused by these products. In a general screening of product safety evaluation methods the authors [16] rejected the sulfosuccinate from further consideration in the statistical analysis of experimental data (variance analysis) because the product had not shown any irritation in the Duhring-Chamber test. The sulfosuccinate (based on fatty alcohol ethoxy late) was tested in a screening with 14 other surfactants, namely, alkyl sulfates, sulfonates, ether sulfates, and a protein fatty acid condensation product. 

Comparative primary skin irritation scores of surfactant solutions (15% active content) show various types of sulfosuccinates as being the least irritant materials, well below sodium laureth-3 sulfate. It was also shown that an increase in degree of ethoxylation reduces skin and eye irritation, leading to laureth-3 (lauryl alcohol with 3 mol ethylene oxide) as the ideal organic raw material [17]. The results are given in Fig. 9 for eye irritation and in Fig. 10 for skin irritation. 

The acute oral toxicity (mice), skin and eye irritation (rabbits), sensitization (rabbits), and toxicity to fish were determined for the three detergent formulations and were found to be no more severe than those obtained for LAS [46] and phosphate-containing commercial detergents. 

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vivo and in vitro techniques for assessment of skin and eye irritation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

Suspect cancer hazard. Risk of cancer depends on duration and level of contact. Harmful if swallowed. Causes skin and eye irritation. Causes respiratory tract irritation. May affect blood cells. May affect the central nervous system. May cause blindness. Avoid breathing vapor or mist. Handle with caution. Keep in mind these risks whenever substituting DCM for any other solvent. 

The platform includes different decision trees for the following endpoints the estimation of Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC), aquatic modes of action [44], skin and eye irritation and corrosion, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity [45], in vivo micronucleus assay, identification of Michael Acceptors and biodegradation potential [46]. 

Exposure to solid or liquid cyanogen halides can cause skin and eye irritation. Otherwise, casualties exposed to cyanides experience few effects at sublethal doses. Percutaneous absorption of a lethal dose may produce temporary rapid and deep breathing followed by convulsions and unconsciousness. Under these circumstances, the casualty will stop breathing within 2-4 minutes after exposure. Death will occur 4-8 minutes later. 

Sodium hydroxide A skin and eye irritant. Corrosive action on all body tissues. Reacts violently with a number of substances. 

Caution This preparation should be carried out in a good hood to avoid exposure to ammonia. The operator should wear rubber gloves and protective goggles because 2-haloaUylamines and ethyl-enimines can cause severe skin and eye irritation. 

There has been considerable progress in developing in vitro tests (a.25). The most success has been in local effects testing in biologically less complex systems, such as testing for skin and eye irritation. In contrast, efforts to develop in vitro tests to evaluate potential systemic toxicants have been hindered by the complexity of the systems involved, and it seems likely that a battery of different in vitro assays will be needed. 

The only in vitro studies fully validated and included in the EU test methods (a.2) are for skin corrosivity and phototoxicity, but efforts are underway to speed up validation for other endpoints. An original aim was that there would be no animal studies for the basic level of registration, but as there is currently no suitable in vitro test for skin sensitisation, the mouse local lymph node assay is included in Annex V of the Regulation (Table 9). The in vitro tests for skin and eye irritation are not fully validated, so as a compromise they are accepted for registration at up to 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., they are in Annex V), but if the results are negative they have to be confirmed by a standard animal test at 10 tonnes per annum (i.e., the Annex VI data, as shown in Table 10). 

For acute toxicity, corrosivity and skin and eye irritation, values for the NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL) are not derived. Therefore, the only option is to determine whether the substance has an inherent capacity to cause such effects and to make a qualitative risk assessment to evaluate the likelihood of an adverse effect occurring in use. 

AgNOg, CUSO4, Pb(N03)2, and FeS04 are toxic by ingestion ZnS04 and Pb(N03)2 may cause skin and eye irritation AgN03 will stain skin and clothes. 

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