Eye irritation testing

Further developments have brought forth polymeric quats having antimicrobial properties (158—160). Different kinds of polyquats have been described with molecular weight from 2,000 to 60,000 (153). Polymeric quats have two characteristics that make them uniquely different from the monomeric quats. One is the absence of foaming, even at high concentrations. The other is their remarkably low toxicity in skin and eye irritation tests and... 

Van Paassen [57,67] reported a synergistic decrease of the skin and eye irritation level of sodium lauryl ether sulfate by combination with lauryl ether carboxylates. The investigations have been carried out using the Draize eye irritation test and human patch test (Tables 13 and 14). Furthermore, measurements by in vitro methods, the Zein test, and the red blood cell test show low to no irritancy [251-253]. 

Similar results have been obtained at Witco with eye irritation tests on mixtures made from sodium lauryl ether sulfate and the sodium salt of a sulfosuccinate monoester [105], as shown in Fig. 15. Figure 16 shows one third re-... 

If the results of the rabbit eye irritation test can be extrapolated to man, accidental contact of these chlorodibenzodioxins with the eyes... 

Ocular irritation is significantly different from the other local tissue irritation tests on a number of grounds. For the pharmaceutical industry, eye irritation testing is... 

Occupational toxicologists from several companies initiated a program to evaluate several experimental models as alternatives to the rabbit eye irritation test... 

Galer, D.M., Curren, R., Gad, S.C., Gautheron, P., Leong, B., Miller, K., Sargent, E., Shah, P.V, Sina, J. and Sussman, R.G. (1993). A 10-company collaborative evaluation of alternatives to the eye irritation test using chemical intermediates. Alternative Methods Toxicol. 9 237. 

Draize eye irritations test using pharmaceutical intermediates. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 26 20-31. 

Griffith, J.F. (1987). The low-volume eye irritation test A case study in progress toward validation. Chemical Times and Trends, July, pp. 19—40. 

Lawrence-Beckett, E.M. and James, J.T. (1990). Initial experience with the Eyetex in vitro eye irritation test system. Toxicologist 20 259. 

Borg-Warner Chemicals EYI-OTS-0785-0422 ELWP. Sequence D. Primary Eye Irritation Tests of Triphenyl Phosphite in Rabbits. Washington, DC, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Taxic Substances, 1980... 

Jester, J.V, Ling, J., HarbeU, J. Measuring depth of injury (DOI) in an isolated rabbit eye irritation test (IRE) using biomarkers of cell death and viability. Toxicol In Vitro 24(2), 597-604 (2010). Epub 2009 Oct 24... 

Our body is used to repair small accidents of mechanical or chemical origin. These accidents of biological origin are due to stinging by nettles or insects on eye and skin. Further, there are mechanical damages that are used to be repaired within a short time - as seen in the ex vivo eye irritation test (EVEIT) - such as the healing of mechanical damage ex vivo within a short period of 3 days observed on the isolated rabbit cornea (Fig. 5.11a and b). 

The eye irritation test is probably the most criticized by advocates of animal rights and animal welfare, primarily because it is inhumane. It has also been criticized on narrower scientific grounds in that both concentration and volumes used are unrealistically high, and that the results, because of high variability and the greater sensitivity of the rabbit eye, may not be applicable to humans. It is clear, however, that because of great significance of visual impairment, tests for ocular toxicity will continue. 

Test System Although a variety of animals have been used for acute eye irritation tests, the adult albino rabbit is the preferred species. The animals should... 

Rosenkranz, H.S., Zhang, Y.P., and Klopman, G., The development and characterisation of a structure-activity relationship model of the Draize eye irritation test, Alternatives Lab. Anim. (ATLA), 26,779-809,1998. 

The Draize eye irritancy test, in which unanesthetized rabbits have irritant substances applied to their eyes, yields results that are inherently unreliable in predicting human toxicity. Humans and rabbits differ in the structure of their eyelids and corneas as well as in their abilities to produce tears. When comparing rabbit to human data on the duration of inflammation after exposure to 14 household products, they differed by a factor of 18 to 250. 

Fujii T, Sakamoto Y, Fukumori N, et al. 1976. [Primary eye irritation tests using a chromium dross extract]. Annual Report of the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Faboratory of Public Health 27 124-128. (Japanese). 

For the rabbit eye irritation tests, the rabbits are placed in ventilated boxes with only the head free. Solutions of local anesthetics in 0.9 % saline are prepared and a volume of 0.2 ml is instilled into the conjunctival sac of one eye, leaving the other as control. The lower lid is retracted gently and held away from the cornea fro 1 min, thus insuring exposure to the solution. 

Perrot S, DutertreCatella H, Martin C et aL (2003) Rezasurin metabolism assay is a new sensitive alternative test in isolated pig cornea. Toxicol Sci 72 122-129 Prinsen MK, Koeter HB (1993) Justification of the enucleated eye test with eyes of slaughterhouse animals as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 31 69-76... 

Sina JF, Galer DM, Sussman RG et al. (1995) A collaborative evaluation of seven alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test using pharmaceutical intermediates. Fundam Appl Toxicol 26(1) 20—31... 

In the absence of any other relevant information, it is essential to obtain this via an internationally recognized corrosion/irritation test before proceeding to a rabbit eye irritation test. This must be conducted in a staged manner. If possible, this should be achieved using a validated, accepted in vitro skin corrosivity assay. If this is not available, then the assessment should be completed using animal tests (see the skin irritation/ corrosion strategy, section 3.2.2). 

Positive results in a valid and accepted in vitro eye irritation test or ... 

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