Additive action

The anionic portions of the soil solution play a role of equal importance to the cations. The anions function in the manner outlined for cations in conductivity and concentration-cell action, and have an additional action if they react with the metal cation and form insoluble salts. Thus, if the metal is lead and the predominant anion is sulphate, a layer of insoluble lead sulphate may precipitate on the metal surface and form an effective barrier against further loss of metal. 

Deviations from the expected behavior will also be seen when the antagonist has additional actions at the concentrations examined. An example is provided by the ability of the reversible... 

Bretylium (rarely used) has additional actions in that it first releases and then depletes catecholamines. It increases the VF threshold and seems to have selective antifibrillatory but not antitachycardic effects. Bretylium can be effective in VF but is often ineffective in VT. 

In summary, hallucinogenic agents produce the 5-HT syndrome in rats and mice by activating postsynaptic excitatory 5-HT receptors, many of which appear to be located in the brainstem and/or spinal cord. In addition, action of these agents at inhibitory 5-HT receptors may modulate the syndrome-producing effects of hallucinogens. 

Following an explosion incident, local fires develop which it left uncontrolled, result in a conflagration of the entire facility and its destruction. Fire protection measures are provided as required to control these occurrences. The ideal fire protection measure is one that does not require addition action to implement and is always in place. These methods are considered passive protection measures and the most familiar is fireproofing. 

Stephenson, John B., Homeland Security Federal and Industry Efforts are Addressing Security Issues at Chemical Facilities, but Additional Action is Needed, April 27, 2005, GAO-05-631T. 

The immobilized arsenic in the precipitate is bound only by sorption onto the amorphous iron hydroxides. A sustainable immobilization would need additional action. 

Certain proteases may have additional actions that enhance invasion and metastasis. For example, both uPA (K7, K8) and CD (VI) are mitogenic in vitro. However, whether these proteases are physiological mitogens remains to be shown. If either uPA or CD enhances cell division in vivo, this in turn might indirectly increase the probability of invasion and metastasis. Also, autocrine production of mitogens might be important at sites of implantation in order to stimulate growth of secondary deposits. 

Public disclosure of information regarding disqualification Alternative or additional actions to disqualification Suspension or termination of a testing facility by a sponsor Reinstatement of a disqualified testing facility... 

Fig. 4 Current model for nicotine upregulation of a4p2 nAChRs. a Schematic of a ceU indicating major steps in the lifecycle of a nAChR. Nicotine accumulates within the cell. Within the endoplasmic reticulum, nicotine binds to nAChR subunits to facilitate assembly, or binds at the interface of an aP subunit pair to enhance maturation of a pentameric nAChR (Sallette et al. 2004, 2005). The strong influence of nicotine on maturation of the P2 subunit might also favour a change in nAChR stoichiometry, from (a4)3(P2)2 to (a4)2(P2)3 (Moroni et al. 2006). These actions could result in an increase in the membrane insertion of competent nAChRs. The possibflity of an additional action of nicotine to impede nAChR turnover or degradation is indicated by the dotted line, b Binding of nicotine to the extracellular domain of unassembled nAChR subunits facilitates assembly, c Binding of nicotine at an aP interface facilitates maturation of a pentameric nAChR. Items b and c adapted from Nashmi and Lester (2007), with permission from Elsevier...

Schizophrenia may be the worst disease of mankind. All drugs employed to treat schizophrenia have dopamine antagonist activity, though many have additional actions as well. 

The antipsychotic effect is probably due to an antagonistic action at dopamine receptors. Aside from their main antipsychotic action, neuroleptics display additional actions owing to their antagonism at... 

Pharmacoiogy Furosemide and ethacrynic acid inhibit primarily reabsorption of sodium and chloride, not only in proximal and distal tubules, but also the loop of Henle. In contrast, bumetanide is more chloruretic than natriuretic and may have an additional action in the proximal tubule it does not appear to act on the distal tubule. Torsemide acts from within the lumen of the thick ascending portion of the loop of Henle, where it inhibits the Na /K /2Cr-carrier system. 

This requires hydrolysis, and fermentation or transformation steps. While enzymes degrading the heteroxy-lan are known as xylanases, they also require the additional actions of / -xylosidases, a-arabinosidases, a-glucuronidases and certain esterases for total hydrolysis. 

Public Disclosure of Information Regarding Disqualification 58.215 Alternatives or Additional Actions to Disqualification 58.217 Suspension or Termination of a Testing Facility by a Sponsor 58.219 Reinstatement of a Disqualified Testing Facility... 

H hstract. Until recently, all ocular photoreception was attributed to the rods and cones of the retina. However, studies on mice lacking rod and cone photoreceptors (rdjrdcl), has shown that these mice can still use their eyes to detect light to regulate their circadian rhythms, suppress pineal melatonin, modify locomotor activity and modulate pupil size. In addition, action spectra for some of these responses have characterized a novel opsin/vitamin A-based photopigment with a 480nm. Electrophysiological... 

Ibutilide prolongs action potential in isolated adult cardiac myocytes and increases both atrial and ventricular refractoriness in vivo. An additional action is blockade of outward potassium currents. Thus, ibutilide acts by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier current (IKr) as well as by activation of a slow inward current carried predominantly by sodium. 

B. Psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamine are also indirectly acting sympathomimetics that increase the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerve terminals. While amphetamine and other congeners possess additional actions on peripheral sympathetic nerves, this is the most likely explanation for the cardiac stimulation observed following the administration of these agents. 

The primary action of the benzodiazepines as anticonvulsants is to enhance inhibition through their interaction with the GABAa receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site. However, there appears to be an additional action of benzodiazepines blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels. This effect is not seen at usual doses but is likely a factor in their use in the treatment of status epilepticus (discussed later). 

Therapeutic efficacy by selective MAO-A inhibitors (such as clorgyline or moclobemide) in major depressions strongly suggests that MAO inhibition at central serotonin or norepinephrine synapses or both is responsible for the antidepressant properties of these agents. However, since complete MAO-A inhibition is achieved clinically within a few days of treatment, while the antidepressant effects of these drugs are not observed for 2 to 3 weeks, suggests that additional actions must be involved. 

An additional action of Li" is interruption of the phosphatidylinositide cycle through an inhibitory action on inositol phosphate metabolism. By this mechanism, depletion of membrane inositol and the phosphoinosi-tide-derived second-messenger products diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate ultimately reduces signaling through receptor systems dependent on the formation of these products. It is presently unclear to what extent inhibition of inositol phosphate metabolism contributes to the therapeutic properties of Li+ in bipolar patients. 

Thionamide drugs interfere with peroxidase-catalyzed reactions. In the thyroid gland, they inhibit the activity of the enzyme TPO, which is required for the intrathyroidal oxidation of I , the incorporation of I into Tg, and the coupling of iodotyrosyl residues to form thyroid hormones. Thus, these drugs inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis and with time, also secretion. Propylthiouracil, but not methimazole, also inhibits Dl, which deiodinates T4 to Tj. Because of this additional action, propylthiouracil is often used to provide a rapid alleviation of severe thyrotoxicosis. 

Tricyclics with additional actions Trimipramine Amoxapine... 

Additional actions, with only partially understood relevance, are activation of phospholipases (PLH2, PLC7), activation of MAP-kinases and activation of some voltage dependent Ca2+ channels (L-type and T-type). 

Cellobiose or other cellulose fragments were not found in the reaction solution, neither after the xylanase nor after the additional action of mannanase. The glucose present probably was derived from the mannan see above and Mannanase). 

The xylan degradation rates relative to those of mannan ranged from 0.3 to 0.4 at the end of the experiment (80 hr). The same values were obtained before the additional action of mannanase on the samples treated with one of the three cellulases for 48 hr (Table III, Column 14). The corresponding values relative to the cellulose degradation rates ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 for the samples treated with cellulase only (48 hr) and after combined cellulase-mannase action (Table III, Column 15). 

If nonconformances or deviations to the project plan or IQ protocol are encountered during the software IQ testing, these must be documented, analyzed, resolved, reviewed, and approved. The resolution process must indicate what additional actions must be taken to provide a conforming product (e.g., return the program to development for error analysis and correction, and re-execute the test script after correction the nonconformance was due to an inaccuracy in the test script, review and update the test script, etc.). After the successful resolution of the nonconformance has been obtained, the original test, the nonconformance information, and the retest must all be retained, approved, and reviewed by the appropriate personal. 

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