Pharmaceuticals classification

Salt, sodium chloride classification compound. Stainless steel, mix of iron and carbon classification mixture. Tap water, dihydrogen oxide plus impurities classification mixture. Sugar, chemical name sucrose classification compound. Vanilla extract, natural product classification mixture. Butter, natural product classification mixture. Maple syrup, natural product classification mixture. Aluminum, metal classification in pure form—element (sold commercially as a mixture of mostly aluminum with trace metals, such as magnesium). Ice, dihydrogen oxide classification in pure form—compound when made from impure tap water—mixture. Milk, natural product classification mixture. Cherry-flavored cough drops, pharmaceutical classification mixture. 

Figure 11.1 Eighteenth-century pharmaceutical classification of plant materials.

Sadezky A, Loffler D, Temes T (2008) Proposal of an environmental indicator and classification system of pharmaceutical product residues for environmental management KNAPPE project Knowledge and need assessment on pharmaceutical products in environmental waters . Contract n° 036864. Deliverable 1.2. http //www.knappe-eu.org/... 

Amidon, G. L., Lennernas, H., Shan, V. P., Crison, J. R. A. A theoretical basis for a pharmaceutic drug classification correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharm. Res. 1995, 12, 413-420. 

Disperse systems can be classified in various ways. Classification based on the physical state of the two constituent phases is presented in Table 1. The dispersed phase and the dispersion medium can be either solids, liquids, or gases. Pharmaceutically most important are suspensions, emulsions, and aerosols. (Suspensions and emulsions are described in detail in Secs. IV and V pharmaceutical aerosols are treated in Chapter 14.) A suspension is a solid/liquid dispersion, e.g., a solid drug that is dispersed within a liquid that is a poor solvent for the drug. An emulsion is a li-quid/liquid dispersion in which the two phases are either completely immiscible or saturated with each other. In the case of aerosols, either a liquid (e.g., drug solution) or a solid (e.g., fine drug particles) is dispersed within a gaseous phase. There is no disperse system in which both phases are gases. 

Additional guidelines on pharmaceutical cleanroom classifications (which became effective on January 1, 1997, for Europe) are contained in Ref. 263. 

H. Liu. Classifications of PYC for pharmaceutical blister packaging using pattern recognition techniques. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1998. 

Table 4.2 shows the number of groups within which pharmaceutical presentations are classified at different levels of therapeutic differentiation. The classifications are made up of 15 and 14 main therapeutic chapters in England and Spain respectively. At this level, products are grouped according to their therapeutic effect in terms of the main anatomical systems gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system and so on. 

In this section we examine the possible effects of drag co-payment. We analyse how it affects consumption, prices and pharmaceutical expenditure, and also how this expenditure is shared by the insurer and the patient. We study the differences and similarities between the expected effects of several forms of co-payment. By way of general reference, we present the classification devised by Murillo and Carles2 to describe the effects of co-payment on financing, use and equity of health services (Table 7.1). 

Drug-related problems can be defined as Any undesirable event experienced by the patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that actually or potentially interferes with a desired patient outcome (Strand et al. 1990). This is a vital component of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy and will be described more in detail in another chapter. It should however be noted that there are several definitions and classification systems for DRPs. A literature review (van Mil et al. 2004) identified fourteen classifications and their critical elements. In the presented definition a potential problem is a DRP but this is not the case in all definitions and classifications. This is also the case for unavoidable adverse drug reactions (e.g. with cytotoxic agents). 

Part—I has three chapters that exclusively deal with General Aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. Chapter 1 focuses on the pharmaceutical chemicals and their respective purity and management. Critical information with regard to description of the finished product, sampling procedures, bioavailability, identification tests, physical constants and miscellaneous characteristics, such as ash values, loss on drying, clarity and color of solution, specific tests, limit tests of metallic and non-metallic impurities, limits of moisture content, volatile and non-volatile matter and lastly residue on ignition have also been dealt with. Each section provides adequate procedural details supported by ample typical examples from the Official Compendia. Chapter 2 embraces the theory and technique of quantitative analysis with specific emphasis on volumetric analysis, volumetric apparatus, their specifications, standardization and utility. It also includes biomedical analytical chemistry, colorimetric assays, theory and assay of biochemicals, such as urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, salient features of radioimmunoassay and automated methods of chemical analysis. Chapter 3 provides special emphasis on errors in pharmaceutical analysis and their statistical validation. The first aspect is related to errors in pharmaceutical analysis and embodies classification of errors, accuracy, precision and makes... 

---