Extracellular matrix scaffold

The biosynthesis and assembly of extracellular matrix with angiogenesis and vascular invasion is a prerequisite to restore the architecture of skeletal structures with a constellation of extracellular matrix components [5]. Therefore, a critical provision for tissue engineering is the sculpturing of the optimal extracellular matrix scaffolding [5] for the transformation of responding cells into secretory bone cells and osteoblasts. 

Compte M, Cuesta A M, Sanchez-Martin D, Alonso-Camino V, Vicario J L, Sanz L and Alvarez-Vallina L (2009), Tumor immunotherapy using gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells loaded into synthetic extracellular matrix scaffolds . Stem Cells, 27, 753-60. 

Taylor, P.M., Cass, A.E.G., Yacouh, M.H. Extracellular matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering heart valves. Process in Pediatric Cardiology 21, 219-225 (2006)... 

Liao, J., Guo, X., Nelson, D., Kasper, F.K., Mikos, A.G., 2010. Modulation of osteogenic properties of biodegradable polymer/extracellular matrix scaffolds generated with a flow perfusion bioreactor. Acta Biomater. 6, 2386-2393. 

Lu, H., Hoshiba, T., Kawazoe, N., Chen, G., 2011. Autologous extracellular matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 32, 2489-2499. 

Narayanan, K., Leek, K.J., Gao, S., Wan, A.C., 2009. Three-dimensional reconstituted extracellular matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30, 4309-4317. 

Derwin KA, Baker AR, Spragg RK. Commercial extracellular matrix scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon repair. J Bone Jt Surg Am 2006 88 2665-72. 

Agrawal, V., Brown, B.N., Beattie, A.J., Gilbert, T.W., Badylak, S.F., 2009. Evidence of innervation following extracellular matrix scaffold-mediated remodelhng of muscular tissues. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 3, 590—600. 

Brown BN, Barnes CA, Kasick RT, Michel R, Gilbert TW, Beer-Stolz D, Castner DG, Ratner BD, Badylak SF (2010) Surface characterization of extracellular matrix scaffolds. Biomaterial 31 428-37... 

SeUaro TL, Ravindra AK, Stolz DB, Badylak SF. Maintenance of hepatic sinusoidal endothehal cell phenotype in vitro nsing organ-specific extracellular matrix scaffolds. Tissue Eng 2007 13 2301-2310. 

Derwin, K. A., Baker, A. R., Spragg, R. K., Leigh, D. R., and lannotti, J. P. 2006. Commercial extracellular matrix scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon repair. Biomechanical, biochemical, and cellular properties. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 88 2665-2672. 

Nelson, C. M. BisseU, M. J., Of extracellular matrix, scaffolds, and signaling Tissue architecture regulates development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2006, (22), 287-309. 

Setton and Chilkoti applied ELPs as a three-dimensional matrix to entrap chondrocytes. In their study, ELP[VsG3A2-90] with a transition temperature of 35°C at 50 mg/mL in PBS was used. This biopolymer can be used to generate a suspension with cells, which upon injection into a defect site will form a scaffold. They showed that in vitro the resulting ELP gel supported the viability of chondrocytes and the synthesis and accumulation of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix material. This suggested that ELPs indeed could be used for in situ formation... 

Multiple applications for resilin-like polypeptides have garnered renewed research interest since the report of the first recombinant resilin in 2005. The excellent mechanical properties of the resilin-like polypeptides has directed investigation toward their use as high-performance materials and in tissue engineering applications. It is widely acknowledged that cells interact and take cues from their microenvironment and, therefore, the development of polymeric scaffolds to mimic the extracellular matrix and drive desired cell or tissue responses has been of wide interest. To this end, our laboratories have developed a modular resilin-like polypeptide (RLP12) (see Fig. 20) that contains not only twelve repeats of the... 

Yang SH et al (2005) Gelatin/chondroitin-6-sulfate copolymer scaffold for culturing human nucleus pulposus cells in vitro with production of extracellular matrix. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 74(l) 488 f94... 

Badylak SF (2007) The extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold material. Biomaterials 28 (25) 3587-3593... 

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of zinc- and calcium-dependent enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism of extracellular matrix proteins [27]. Increased activity of MMPs has been associated with pathological diseases such as arthritis, cancer, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer s disease [28-31]. Therefore, they constitute an important group of drug targets. Their inhibition is accomplished by blocking the active site of the catalytic domain with ligands that contain hydroxamic or carboxylic acids to chelate the Zn metal. The identification of low molecular weight compounds that contain different scaffolds may lead to the development of a new class of specific inhibitors. 

Builders of artificial scaffolds aie most concerned with this junction. In a natural environment, the binding is done via an intercellular glue known as extracellular matrix. The matrix is a protein gel produced by the cells and it serves as the basis of three-dimensional cell structure development. In the development of a three-dimensional scaffold, it is advisable that this mechanism be mimicked by some means. 

The chemical part of the adhesion process dictates that in designing a surface for attachment of cells, one must seek to stimulate an active interaction between the surface and the scaffold. The surface properties of the scaffold are our main concerns. The surface should mimic the natural support structures on the human body. Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides cells with an interactive structure onto which they can adhere. This process (referred to as integrin-mediated binding) is a basis of cell growth. 

In developing elastic tissue, the microfibrils are the first components to appear in the extracellular matrix. They are then thought to act as a scaffold for deposition, orientation, and assembly of tropoelastin monomers. They are 10—12 nm in diameter, and lie adjacent to cells producing elastin and parallel to the long axis of the developing elastin fiber (Cleary, 1987). 

Kozel, B.A, Ciliberto, C. H., and Mecham, R. P. (2004). Deposition of tropoelastin into the extracellular matrix requires a competent elastic fiber scaffold but not live cells. Matrix Biol. 23, 23-34. 

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