Muscular Tissues

In livestock and laboratory animals, a deficiency of vitamin E substances may cause degeneration of reproductive tissues, muscular dystrophy, encephalomalacia, and liver necrosis. Considerable research is required to fully determine supplementation of livestock diets unless typical symptoms of a deficiency appear. Symptoms have appeared where there are selenium deficiencies in the soil and where there are excessive levels of nitrates in the soil. White muscle 1 is the term used to describe a condition of muscular dystrophy in cattle. 

The structure of the bladder, ureter, and urethra are similar in that they contain three layers, the mucosa, muscularis, and serosa. In the bladder (Figure 3.16) the inner layer (mucosa) when empty is infolded and it is made up of transitional epithelium. The lamina propria that is found below contains collagen and elastic fibers in the deeper layer. The muscularis is prominent and contains muscle fibers that are arranged in branching bundles separated by connective tissue. Muscular contraction causes expulsion of fluid from the bladder into the ureter. The connective tissue between the muscle fiber bundles merges with the connective tissue of the serosa. The serosa is continuous with the peritoneal lining. 

Trimethylamine has long been known to exist in the pickle in winch herrings have been preserved. More recently it has been found to be an important product of putrefactive changes iu fish, starch-paste, brain-tissue, muscular tissue, and other albuminoid substances, being accompanied by lesser quantities of monomethylamine, dimethylaminc, ethylamine, and diethylamine, as well as by other peculiar alkaloidal bodies. It has also been observed accompanying more active alkaloids in blood-serum, etc., which have served for the culture of various bacilli. (See choline and heurine, below, and ptomaines, p. 343.)... 

An organ like the stomach or the brain contains structures within it such as arteries, nerves and other specialised components. These components, which contain cells of a similar kind, are referred to as tissues. So we have nervous tissue, arterial tissue, muscular tissue and so on making up specialised organs which have a specific function. (The stomach, for example, is concerned with the first stage in the digestive process.)... 

The human body has more than 600 muscles. The body s movement is performed by muscle contractions, which are stimulated by the nervous system. This system links muscle tissue to the spinal cord and brain. The network of nerve cells which carries the brain s signals directs the flow of muscular energy. Most muscular activity occurs beyond the range of the conscious mind. The body, working through the neuromuscular network, manages... 

General types of physiological functions attributed to quaternary ammonium compounds are curare action, muscarinic—nicotinic action, and ganglia blocking action. The active substance of curare is a quaternary that can produce muscular paralysis without affecting the central nervous system or the heart. Muscarinic action is the stimulation of smooth-muscle tissue. Nicotinic action is primary transient stimulation and secondary persistent depression of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

Muskel-. muscular, myo-, -eiweiss, n, myosin, -empfindung, /, muscular sensation, -farb-stoff, m. muscle pigment, -faser,/, muscular fiber, -fleisch, n, muscular substance, -ge-webe, n. muscular tissue, -gift, n, muscle poison, -lehre, /, myology, -masse, /. muscular substance, -saft, m. muscle juice,. -stoff, m. sarcosine. -zucker, m. inositol. Muskowit, Muskovit, m. (Min.) muscovite, muss, pr. 1 tS 3 sing, (of miissen) must. 

Calpain Tissue specific calpains have been implicated in diabetes, cataracts, multiple sclerosis, and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. More than 50 inhibitors of calpain have described which have a potential for therapeutic applications. 

FIGURE 2-8. Z-track injection (A) The tissue is tensed laterally at the injection site before the needle is inserted. This pulls the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fat planes into a Zformation. (B) After the tissue has been displaced, the needle is thrust straight into the muscular tissue. (Q After injection, tissues are released while the needle is withdrawn. As each tissue plane slides by the other, the track is sealed. 

Stevens-Johnson syndrome fever, cough, muscular aches and pains, headache, and lesions of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes. The lesions appear as red wheals or blisters, often starting on die face, in the mo util, or on the lips, neck, and extremities, stomatitis inflammation of die mo util striae lines or bands elevated above or depressed below surrounding tissue, or differing in color or texture subjective data information supplied by the patient or family sublingual under die tongue... 

Figure 2. Erb s illustration of the pathology of muscle from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Note the variation in muscle fiber diameter, fiber-splitting, deposition of fat and infiltration of connective tissue. Drawing from several biopsies produced during final decade of 19th century. 

Drugs that affect tissue properties, particularly blood flow at the absorption site, may be used to control the rate of absorption. Reduced drug absorption may be achieved physiologically with an IM preparation by incorporating epinephrine, which causes a local constriction of blood vessels at the site of injection. Increased muscular activity may enhance drug absorption because of increased drug flow. 

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