Voltage-dependent

Yackoboski K, Yeo Y H, McGonigal G C and Thomson D J 1992 Molecular position at the liquid/solid interface measured by voltage-dependent imaging with the STM Ultramicroscopy 42-44 963... 

Schadt M and Flelfrich W 1971 Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal Appl. Phys. Lett. 18 127-8... 

Schwarz G and Savko P 1982 Structural and dipolar properties of the voltage-dependent pore former alamthicin in octanol/dioxane Biophys. J. 39 211-19... 

The PBRis distinct from the central BZ receptor although both can be present in the same tissues in differing ratios. PBRs are predominately localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane and are thus intracellular BZ recognition sites. The PBR is composed of three subunits an 18,000 mol wt subunit that binds isoquinoline carboxamide derivatives a 30,000 mol wt subunit that binds BZs and a 32,000 mol wt voltage-dependent anion channel subunit. The porphyrins may be endogenous ligands for the PBR. PBRs are involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation and steroidogenesis. 

F r d ic Current. The double layer is a leaky capacitor because Faradaic current flows around it. This leaky nature can be represented by a voltage-dependent resistance placed in parallel and called the charge-transfer resistance. Basically, the electrochemical reaction at the electrode surface consists of four thermodynamically defined states, two each on either side of a transition state. These are (11) (/) oxidized species beyond the diffuse double layer and n electrons in the electrode and (2) oxidized species within the outer Helmholtz plane and n electrons in the electrode, on one side of the transition state and (J) reduced species within the outer Helmholtz plane and (4) reduced species beyond the diffuse double layer, on the other. 

The fuel cell must be cooled with either water or air, and the heat can be converted to electricity in a bottoming cycle. The dc electrical output ot the stack is usually converted to ac and stepped up or down in voltage, depending on the application. Analogous to PAFds, M(iF(i stacks are about 1 nr (10.8 ft") in plan area and quite tall. A stack generates 200 to 300 kW. Market entiy is expected in 1999. 

When the required test voltage is not available at site, the reduced voltage power frequency withstand test may be carried out at still lower test voltages, depending upon the voltage availability at site. Then the duration of the test must be increased as shown in Table 14.8, and IS 10118-3 and BS 159. 

Capacitive interference of pipelines is of minor importance. It arises in the immediate vicinity of overhead power lines or railway power lines in the construction of pipelines where the pipe is laid on a foundation that is well insulated from soil (e.g., on dry wood). The pipeline picks up a voltage with respect to the soil. The value of this voltage depends on the voltage of the interfering conductor at the time as well as the capacities between the conductors and the pipeline. 

The main categories of electrical/optical ceramics are as follows phosphors for TV, radar and oscilloscope screens voltage-dependent and thermally sensitive resistors dielectrics, including ferroelectrics piezoelectric materials, again including ferroelectrics pyroelectric ceramics electro-optic ceramics and magnetic ceramics. 

We did not observe any voltage dependent variation of the tube images. Also, the measured heights of the tubes were comparable with their diameters. Both of these observations indicate that the tubes have rather metallic than semiconducting properties. 

It is assumed that all the donors are ionized and that the voltage dependence of the current is ohmic. The temperature dependence of Gq may be considered constant. A schematic diagram of a porous gas sensor sample together with its band structure is shown in Fig. 13.53. ... 

As described above, metallic CNTs are of great interest because they possess molecular orbitals which are highly delocalised. However, metallic CNTs are very difficult to use in actual devices because they require very low temperatures to control their carrier transfer. On the contrary, even at room temperature, the nonlinear /-V jas curve and the effective gate voltage dependence have been presented by using individual semiconducting SWCNTs [29]. 

The surface X-ray experiments by Toney et al. [151] give experimental evidence for voltage-dependent ordering of water on a silver electrode. They observed a shift of the silver-oxygen distance with applied potential. 

So how do the foot structures effect the release of Ca from the terminal cisternae of the SR The feet that join the t-tubules and the terminal cis-ternae of the SR are approximately 16 nm thick. The feet apparently function by first sensing either a voltage-dependent conformation change (skeletal mus-... 

Choice of rated lighting impulse withstand voltage depends on exact site conditions and duties. 

Introduction of Voltage Dependence to Rate Constants Determined... 

In the previous section was given the experimental demonstration of two sites. Here the steady state scheme and equations necessary to calculate the single channel currents are given. The elemental rate constants are thereby defined and related to experimentally determinable rate constants. Eyring rate theory is then used to introduce the voltage dependence to these rate constants. Having identified the experimentally required quantities, these are then derived from nuclear magnetic resonance and dielectric relaxation studies on channel incorporated into lipid bilayers. 

Fig. 7. A. Kinetic scheme for two site single filing channel. Ten rate constants are required. In the absence of a transmembrane potential, however, the two-fold symmetry of the channel reduces this to five rate constants. Then Eyring rate theory is used to introduce the voltage dependence as shown in Eq. 6.

One of the most important characteristics of a cell is its voltage, which is a measure of reaction spontaneity. Cell voltages depend on the nature of the half-reactions occurring at the electrodes (Section 18.2) and on the concentrations of species involved (Section 18.4). From the voltage measured at standard concentrations, it is possible to calculate the standard free energy change and the equilibrium constant (Section 18.3) of the reaction involved. 

The driving force behind the spontaneous reaction in a voltaic cell is measured by the cell voltage, which is an intensive property, independent of the number of electrons passing through the cell. Cell voltage depends on the nature of the redox reaction and the concentrations of the species involved for the moment, we ll concentrate on the first of these factors. 

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