High enhancements

The electrophysiological experiments reported here and done with patch-clamp techniques support this idea. The external application of MTX to isolated cardiac myocytes caused a sustained inward current which was carried by Ca . MTX did not increase the voltage-dependent Ca channel current, and both the time dependence and voltage dependence of the MTX-induced current were clearly different from those of the usual Ca channel current. These results suggest that the MTX-induced steady current is different from the usual voltage-dependent Ca channel current, and that this is possibly a current which flows through a new type of Ca -permeable channel. Tbe steady current described here may be responsible for the highly enhanced Ca influx induced by MTX and could account for the excitatory action of MTX on smooth and cardiac muscles. 

Ina similarmarmerto surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhancement of hyper-Raman scattering is a promising method to study adsorbed molecules on metal surfaces [24]. Based on recent developments in plasmonics, design and fabrication of metal substrates with high enhancement activities is now becoming possible [21]. Combination of the surface enhancement with the electronic resonances would also be helpful for the practical use of hyper-Raman spectroscopy. Development of enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy is awaited for the study of solid/liquid interfaces. 

The Diels-Alder reactions of alkyl-substituted benzoquinones with penta-1,3-diene and isoprene were also studied in aqueous cyclodextrin solutions. Highly enhanced ortho- and mefa-regioselectivities were observed (Eq. 12.11).48... 

Over the past decade it has been learned that organic materials containing appropriately constituted or substituted conjugation systems may exhibit highly enhanced electronic nonlinear optical polarization responses Since the microscopic second-order... 

Barkemeyer et al. [8 a] showed previously that high enhancement can also be achieved at high magnetic fields when hydrogenating symmetric systems, where the breakdown of symmetry is caused by the naturally abundant 13C nuclei occurring individually in the two other equivalent carbon atoms of the double bond of the substrate (see Scheme 12.8) [8a]. 

Fig. 13.4 Distribution of field enhancement factors in a CNT emitting, showing exponential decay at high enhancement factors.

Heteroatom Oxidation, Dehydrogenation Electrooxidative kinetic resolution of rac alcohols mediated with a catalytic amount of an optically active A-oxyl was performed in an undivided cell at constant current conditions. A high enantiomeric purity for the recovered alcohol was found, which could be increased by electrolysis at lower temperatures. The optically active A-oxyl was recovered and used repeatedly without change in efficiency and selectivity [368]. Cyclovoltammetry with the A-oxyl (GR, 7S, 10/f)-4-oxo-2,2,7-trimethyl-10-isopropyl-l-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-A-oxyl as catalyst showed for rac-1-phenylethanol a highly enhanced catalytic... 

As soon as corticosteroids, such as cortisone, were used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (glucocorticoid activity), important undesirable side effects appeared (sodium retention). In view of lowering the sodium retention, while increasing the anti-inflammatory activity. Fried performed various chemical modifications. Thus, he could observe that introducing a fluorine atom at the 9a position of the hydrocortisone acetate highly enhanced (11 times) the glucocorticoid activity, while the undesired sodium retention was lowered [130]. 

Of equal importance to high resolution is high enhancement of a selected beam. Contamination, even at the percent level, from adjacent isotopes could be catastrophic to a precise measurement. For the Chalk River ISOL, cross contamination has been measured to be < 10 at A=20, and, by scaling, it must be <10"b at A=200. 

Table VII Enhancement in Progesterone ) Permeability Across Various Skin Structures (at high enhancer cone.)...

It is interesting to note that at both low and high enhancer concentrations, the enhancing effect on the permeation of progesterone across the viable skin, i.e. stripped skin (with no stratum corneum), shows no statistical difference among all four enhancers. The enhancement factor was observed to be substantially smaller than that for intact and delipidized skin (Table VI and VII ). 

Based on calculated pH and concentration profiles for the various chemical species in the liquid film, the process behavior can be understood. In particular, SO2 depletion close to the interface due to the very fast reactions causes a high enhancement of SO2 transfer. In addition, two different reaction regions can be discriminated in the liquid film. 

The role of zeolites as solid electrolytes is linked to water adsorption in the zeolite secondary porosity (see Section 8.2.7), which can be evidenced in the use of natural or synthetic zeolites as solid electrolytes, since the cationic conduction of zeolites is highly enhanced by the adsorption of water in the secondary porosity [112],... 

Some lanthanide ions when complexed with UV-absorbing ligands, can efficiently accept energy from the excited state of the ligand and produce highly enhanced emission characteristics of the metal ion. Rare earth complexes have some advantages over organic fluorescent probes such as fluorescein, rhodamines, umbelliferones such as... 

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