Exposure-relevant Work Activities

In general, exposure increases during the activities described below in the given order  

Because one has to consider unpredictably higher concentrations, especially in the case of the last two jobs mentioned, the use of respiratory protection is often necessary. For selection of the most suitable devices, concentration measurements have to be performed. It is important to consider the surrounding environment of workplaces if other persoimel occasionally work in these areas without respiratory protection. If jobs are of short duration, short-term measurements need to be performed to assess the exposure. A risk assessment of short-term exposures on the basis of an 8-h measurement is only possible in exceptional cases. For short-term exposure measurements, not every sampling technique is suitable. In this case, special sampling methods must be used in order to achieve a sufficiently low detection limit during short measurement times, especially for complex mixtures of substances. In many cases of this type thermodesorption has been proved to be the method of choice. 

---

I 6 Occupational Safety and Health at the Workplace 6.9.1.2 Exposure-relevant Work Activities... 

Determination of the exposure during relevant working activities in connection... 

For risk-assessment purposes, the best choice is a field study which is carried out for the specific purpose of obtaining exposure values under representative conditions for the use scenario and active substance that are being considered. In view of the possible range of exposure due to the large number of potential variables, it is absolutely required that the study include between about 10 and 30 replicates spread over a reasonable time period accounting for variation in climatic conditions and the relevant application technique. The number of replicates per person should be as small as reasonably possible. Workers should be monitored during whole work shifts while using the relevant and/or required personal protection... 

The cornerstone of a sound program for prudent laboratory practices is a process designed to comprehensively review the operations and potential hazards associated with each experiment over its life cycle. This review should take place before any work is conducted. The diverse nature of research and development activities makes it advisable to have such a process in place as part of the scientific method of experimentation. In laboratories where this preliminary survey is routinely practiced, it has proved to be useful in both the maintenance of safe laboratory operations and the minimization of chemical exposure and waste generation. Because of the diversity of types of researchers and laboratory work, such processes— both formal and informal—can help individuals associated with new, modified, or unfamiliar experiments or procedures to plan and work safely, responsibly, and productively. By first evaluating the work area, materials, equipment, and procedures in depth, hidden hazards may be identified and addressed. The pre-experiment review process can also help to ensure that every experiment and laboratory operation complies with all applicable laws, regulations, and other policies. Moreover, by addressing all relevant health, safety, and environmental issues when an experiment is first conceived, further research, scale-up, or development based on it can be made safer and more effective. 

The aim of this work is to analyze the changes in the relevant thermal behavior of the crosslinked EVA encapsulant material due to outdoor exposure in Mediterranean climate by TSC and DSC thermal analysis. The changes in thermal properties should be discussed and special interest will be focused on the specific TSC relaxation parameters like activation energy and relaxation frequency determination by using the initial rise method. 

A relevant therapeutic group of active substances, handled aseptically, are parenteral antineoplastics. Many are classified as very toxic for the operator, mainly because of carcinogenicity and reprotoxicity [17], see also Sect. 26.3.3. Therefore, if antineoplastics are involved in aseptic handling, requirements are not only to protect the product against contamination of micro-organisms, but also to protect the operator and the environment from the product. The first measure however is a working procedure to minimise exposure to antineoplastics. This involves... 

Next to the personal confrontation through product use, embedded lead users are also closer to users and have social ties towards them. They communicate about problems, which delivers to idea generation and innovation. Tietz et al. (2005) find that kitesurfing users who are often consulted with problems by other users are more likely to have ideas for innovations. With respect to firm employees in general, the existence of external social networks has been shown to be an enabler to innovative work behavior (Staber 2004). Kanter (2000) and Van de Ven (1986) suggest that closeness to need sources is relevant to the activation of innovation. This exposure to other need sources (users) is more salient with embedded lead users than with ordinary employees. 

---