Hazards hidden

For this industry then, is risk necessary The short answer must be yes, but the flow of that risk is unevenly realized. The hidden costs of chemical hazards are home primarily by those who apply chemicals. Unsurprisingly then, while some (owner-operators) deny personal or environmental threats from these chemicals, others (wage laborers) are more likely to acknowledge ecological and personal peril. 

Napke E, Stevens DGH. Excipients and additives hidden hazards in drug products and in product substitution. Can Med Assoc J 1984 131 1449. 

It is very important to note that all this only applies to safety devices where the failure is hidden during normal plant operation. For, say, a normal control device where a failure would be immediately manifested by a malfunction of the plant, the hazard rate is simply the same as the failure rate. No amount of testing will help here. 

Employees questioned if there were more of these potential surprises on piping hidden beneath the insulation. The refinery instituted a two-part program to eliminate additional hidden hazards to avoid similar troubles. A fist of likely pipeline hazards was assembled, and a technical staff member accompanied the foreman in an inspection tour of each operating area. The unit foreman assisted in the inspection. 

Vogel, F.R. Powell, M.E. A compedium of vaccine adjuvant and excipients. Pharm. Biotechnol. 1995, 6, 141-228. Napke, E. Stevens, D.G.H. Excipients and additives hidden hazards in drug products and in product substitution. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1984,131, 1449-1452. 

Xiao T, Guha J, Boyle D, et al. (2004) Naturally occurring thallium A hidden geoenvironmental health hazard Environment International 30 501-507. 

With regard to the environment, the intensified plant of the future will be much less obtrusive, with the distillation and absorption towers of our present chemical complexes being replaced by more compact and inconspicuous equipment, which may be hidden by the boundary tree line. In addition, the cost of effluent treatment systems will be less, allowing tighter emission standards to be reached economically. The economic incentive to produce commodity chemicals in large centralised plant complex is likely to diminish or disappear with the application of PI. Thus distributed manufacture in smaller plant will be both feasible and economic, thereby avoiding the need to distribute hazardous material on the public transport system. 

Almost every hazardous material has more than one hazard. As an emergency responder, you must be familiar with other potential, and often hidden, hazards that chemicals may present. Figure 1.8 shows the potential hidden hazards of the nine hazard classes. Across the top of the chart are all the potential hazards a chemical could have that would affect emergency responders. Down the left side are all of the colors representing the UN/DOT hazard classes. An X is used to identify the DOT hazard designated for the material and the color of the placard, which will be on the shipment. An asterisk ( ) is used to identify aU of the other potential hazards of the materials. That does not mean that a particular chemical has all of the hazards, but until you are able to obtain additional information, precautions must be taken for each. For example, some corrosive materials are classified as oxidizers, such as perchloric acid above 50% concentration. Perchloric acid above 50% concentration... 

As previously mentioned, all of the DOT hazard classes identify only the most severe hazard of that material. All of the classes have hidden hazards that are both chemical and physical in natnre. Flammability is not the only hazard associated with Class 3 flammable liqnids. They may also be poisonous or corrosive. For general purposes, there are no UN/DOT subclasses of flammable liquids. Emergency... 

Some combustible liquids, such as animal and vegetable oils, have a hidden hazard they may bum spontaneously when improperly handled. They have high boiling and... 

All of the chemicals mentioned in this section have a primary hazard of flammability however, because they are different in chemical makeup, some require different firefighting tactics. Note the differences in physical and chemical characteristics from compound to compound and family to family. The secondary or hidden hazards of flammable liquids vary widely from one chemical to another. Among the... 

A train derailment in Brownson, Nebraska, resulted in a tank car of phosphorus overturning and thephosphoms igniting upon contact with air. Phosphorus is shipped under water, so there was water inside the tank car. CHEMTREC (Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) was called, and responders were told correctly that the phosphorous would not explode. However, the water inside the tank car turned to steam from the heat of the phosphoms fire. The pressure from the steam caused a boiler-type of explosion that had nothing to do with the phosphorus. This is just another example of the hidden hazards that emergency responders must be aware of when dealing with hazardous materials. Not only do the hazardous materials have to be considered, but also the container and any inert materials that may be involved with the product. 

Special attention should be paid to hazards resulting firom electrostatics. The correct identification of unintentionally built in capacitors requires experience and very good knowledge on material properties, in order to find hidden insulators. 

Quality requires a certain degree of analytical rigour which, like risk management, may bring to light hazards which would have otherwise remained hidden... 

The risk associated with issues of this nature depends on the extent to which the hidden information is relied upon clinically. But there is another factor to consider when information is inappropriately hidden not only do we fail to take it into account but from time to time clinicians will make positive assumptions based on its apparent absence. For example, suppose the system fails to correctly indicate that a CT scan has been carried out when in fact it has. Firstly, by not reviewing the result of the scan we may introduce a delay in care and secondly, we might fail to acquaint ourselves with any clinical activity triggered by the result of the CT scan. Finally we may assume that the original order has failed and issue a new request - unnecessarily exposing the patient to additional ionising radiation. Whilst these user behaviours can be difficult to predict they should at least be considered by the analytical team during hazard analysis. 

A compelling case is developed through the rigorous application of process against a target which is appropriately granular and well-defined. Doing so establishes completeness with minimal room for hazards to fall between the cracks and remain hidden. A comprehensible safety case summarises the analysis in a concise... 

Systems with a long track record are likely to have established controls in place for managing risk. Whether or not these controls have been formally documented in a risk assessment is in many ways less important. What matters is that over time a body of knowledge has been built up, the behaviour of the system has been characterised and the systan s performance is predictable and deterministic. When this experience is unavailable to us, hazards can remain hidden or uncontrolled with an adverse impact on risk. 

Indeed, when safety is considered from the perspectives of unsafety or danger, several different realities emerge there is the reality in which hazards have been resolved yet are still articulated as danger, the reality in which hazards are accepted and considered an inherent part of the site and there is the reality where hazards remain hidden and safety is articulated simply through the requirements of PPE, all of which further create a complex and inconsistent context for unsafety on sites. 

Mine gas is one of the important hidden trouble to influence coal mine safety production (Shi et al., 2006), the abnormal gas emission will usually lead to coal mine gas accident. Gas emission is affected by many factors (Zhu et al., 2007 Guo et al., 2009 He et al., 2008), the judgment of abnormal gas emission is not only important to the real-time monitor of the gas concentration (Zhang et al., 2012), but also important to the discrimination of the reason of abnormal gas emission. Therefore, the dynamic evaluation of gas emission hazard danger level combined with gas monitoring data plays an important role on gas prevention and gas disaster control when it does dynamic early-warning of coal face gas emission (Lv et al., 2006 Gong et al., 2012). 

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