Chemical Connections explosives

Antwerp, Belgium, Chemical Plant, Explosion/Fire Failure of vent connection on suction side of a compressor. 

The Arrhenius equation predicts that the rate of reaction increases exponentially with an increase in temperature. Bretherick noted that an increase of 10 °C in reaction temperature can increase the reaction rate by a factor of 2. (See Chemical Connection 5.3.10.1 in Section 5.3.10 for more discussion of the Arrhenius equation and reaction rates.) Thus, it is critical that temperature be adequately controlled to prevent the reaction from accelerating to a dangerous rate. Be prepared to provide adequate control of the temperature—you will need to measure the temperature and have cooling means readily available. If you are unable to control the temperature, an explosion may occur. You should try to avoid systems that hold in heat—adiabatic systems. You can often control a reaction by controlling the rate of addition of a reagent. You should consider the best way to provide adequate mixing for the reaction. 

The lUPAC rules are not the only nomenclature system in use today Chemical Abstracts Service sur veys all the worlds leading scientific journals that publish papers relating to chemistry and publishes brief abstracts of those papers The publication Chemical Abstracts and its indexes are absolutely es sential to the practice of chemistry For many years Chemical Abstracts nomenclature was very similar to lUPAC nomenclature but the tremendous explosion of chemical knowledge has required Chemical Abstracts to modify Its nomenclature so that its indexes are better adapted to computerized searching This means that whenever feasible a compound has a sin gle Chemical Abstracts name Unfortunately this Chemical Abstracts name may be different from any of the several lUPAC names In general it is easier to make the mental connection between a chemical structure and its lUPAC name than its Chemical Abstracts name... 

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives, Kungalo, Sweden, June, 1982. 

J. Isaksson and L. Rittfeldt, "Chaiacteiization of Black Powdeis," Proceedings of 3rd Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives,]oDkofmg, Sweden, 1952, p. 242. 

The term explosion in a storage and handling sense usually implies the rupture of a vessel. Fauske [191] reviewed the hazards in the chemical industry in connection with storage and processing of chemicals. The major hazards discussed are a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) for high-... 

Yoshida, T., M. Itoh, K. Tohyama, and M. Tamura, "The Correlation of DSC Data with Other Test Data," Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives, 5, Part 1,79 (1979). 

One has to consider that all connected devices must also withstand the maximum explosion overpressure. The NFPA 69 Standard, Explosion Prevention System, 1997 European Standard prEN 14460, Explosion Resistant Equipment, 2005 and Kirby and Siwek, Preventing Failures of Equipment Subject to Explosions, Chemical Engineering, June 23, 1986, provide excellent guidance on the practice of containment. 

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