Explosion chemical energy

There are two basic kinds of explosions involving the release of chemical energy ... 

Predictions of high explosive detonation based on the new approach yield excellent results. A similar theory for ionic species model43 compares very well with MD simulations. Nevertheless, high explosive chemical equilibrium calculations that include ionization are beyond the current abilities of the Cheetah code, because of the presence of multiple minima in the free energy surface. Such calculations will require additional algorithmic developments. In addition, the possibility of partial ionization, suggested by first principles simulations of water discussed below, also needs to be added to the Cheetah code framework. 

The chemical energy generated by the combustion of energetic materials is converted to thermodynamic energy used for propulsion and explosion. As described in the preceding sections of this chapter, the amount of stored chemical energy is... 

When an explosive is detonated in water, a shock wave propagates through the water accompanied by a bubble. The chemical energy of the explosive is converted into shock wave energy and bubble energy. The volume of the bubble is increased by the expansion wave and decreased by the compression wave in an oscillatory fashion. The maximum size of the bubble is determined according toili i i... 

This book is divided into four parts. The first part (Chapters 1-3) provides brief reviews of the fundamental aspects relevant to the conversion from chemical energy to aerothermal energy. References listed in each chapter should prove useful to the reader for better understanding of the physical bases of the energy conversion process energy formation, supersonic flow, shock wave, detonation, and defl agration. The second part (Chapter 4) deals with the energetics of chemical compounds used as propellants and explosives, such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, adiabatic flame temperature, and specific impulse. 

Perhaps the place to begin in a book about trace chemical sensing of explosives is to define trace and explosive. If trace is defined as a submilligram quantity, then it should be noted that there are no chemicals that are explosive at trace levels. To clarify this point we need to elaborate on what makes a chemical an explosive. An energetic material is defined as one that releases energy upon decomposition. This material could be an explosive, a propellant, a pyrotechnic, or a fruit cocktail. For an energetic material to be an explosive chemical or composition its must be capable of undergoing decomposition with extremely... 

In examining the process of initiation of expls, ic is of importance to determine not only the critical density, p, and critical diameter, dc, of a detonator (or booster), but also its critical length, lc, which is the shortest length required for steady state detonation. It is known that if the initial velocity of shock wave of an initiator is equal to or lower than the velocity of sound, C0, in the charge to be initiated, no detonation can take place even with a large initiator. This means that the critical detonation velocity of an initiator, Dc, must be higher than a certain value which is different for each explosive to be initiated. Another requirement for successful detonation is that pressure at the front of a detonation wave produced by initiator at the expense of chemical energy, must be maintained at a certain minimum level... 

The heat of detonation therefore is, like the heat of explosion, a function of the chemical energy of the explosive. In fact, the two heats differ only by the thermal effect, at standard temperature, of the shift in composition of the product mixture between (Tj) and (Tv). This depends on the... 

The eq in this form is valid for a detonation and a deflagration, as well as for shock wave, if e and h.are defined in the usual sense To apply this eq to explosions, however, some authors add a term Q to represent chemical energy per unit mass, and write ... 

Explosive Actuator, Linear. A self-contained power transmitting device designed to convert chemical energy into controlled mechanical force in the form of linear mechanical movement. It is comprised essentially of a piston, propellant chge, electrical bridge wire and contacts enclosed in a housing (Ref 38b, pp 3-4, Actuator, Explosive, Linear)... 

Explosive Driver, [t is a device for efficiently converting the chemical energy of a HE to the kinetic and internal energy of a gas. The basic element is a thin-walled metal tube, filled with a desired gas, surrounded by a concentric cylinder with HE, such as NMe (Nitromethane). 

---