Chemicals explosive combination

Anderson, R. P., and Armstrong, D. R. (1976). Combined Physical-Chemical Explosions, ANL-76-87. Aigonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, Illinois. 

A TNT chemical explosive was determined using a chemosensor that combined MIP recognition and CV transduction [212]. Initially, the TNT-templated MIP particles were produced and then blended with a graphite powder to fabricate an MIP-CP composite. Subsequently, the TNT template was removed and the composite selectively recognized TNT in the presence of nitrobenzene, 1,4-nitrophenol and benzoic acid. The MIP chemosensor devised that way was used for the SWV determination of TNT. With this transduction, TNT was determined within the dynamic linear concentration range of 5 x 10-9 to 1 x 10-6 M with a relatively... 

Chemical explosions may be either decomposition or combination reactions. 

Some chemicals and combinations used in laboratories are known to be explosive. Laboratory manipulations with known explosive chemicals or reagent combinations should be performed only by trained personnel who are thoroughly familiar with the hazards involved and the precautions that must be taken. The worker should know the procedures for destroying or disposing of potentially explosive materials. Any laboratory procedure that results in an unexpected explosion should be investigated to ascertain the probable cause, and a laboratory safety rule established to prevent recurrence. Circumstances of an unexpected explosion should be brought to the attention of workers, team members, management, and the concerned public to help observe caution under similar work conditions. 

Luckily for the laboratory chemist, many of these mishaps of yesteryear have been collated, most notably (and authoritatively) by Leslie Bretherick. Bretherick s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, which by 2006 had reached its 7th edition, details the predictable and the unexpected from the literature of reactive chemical hazards. In a review, published in Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 5th edn, ed. S.G. Luxon, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992, Bretherick has also summarised some frequently encountered incompatible chemicals that present either a reactive hazard or a toxic hazard if combined. These two lists are reprinted here as Tables 11.4 and 11.5 by kind permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry. In addition, potentially explosive combinations of some commonly-encountered laboratory reagents are shown in Table 11.6 (reproduced with permission from Chemical Safety Matters, lUPAC-IPCS, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992). 

Among these 17 new commodity classes, chemicals not otherwise specified appear as a separate class. Not only has the number of separate classes been expanded, but the composition of each of these classes has been enlarged in order to reflect the increasing importance of the industry to the American economy. In the 1920 to 1927 period, chemicals and explosives combined represented only some 154 separate and identifiable types, classes, or grades of chemicals and explosives combined, while the 1947 classification of just chemicals not otherwise specified represents some 311 separate categories, not including the 65 separate categories of ammunition and explosives, which are included as a distinct class in the 1947 classification. Naturally, this makes for far better defined statistics. 

The rapid escalation in heat generation in the reactor core reached about 100 times full power in a few seconds, leading to fuel melting and a rapid rise in pressure, shattering pressure tubes. This was the first explosion. A second explosion was reported which may have been another nuclear excursion or other parts of the pressure circuit failing, perhaps combined with a chemical explosion. 

Conventional Subcritical pieces of chemical explosive uranium-235 combined... 

Binary explosives are used primarily where only limited quantities are required or when a need for explosives cannot be anticipated. Because they are not considered as explosives until mixed, they can be safely stored and transported. A liquid-liquid type, PLX, was developed for minefield clearing and is composed of nitromethane sensitized with ethylene diamine. Commercial binary explosive products include Astrolite, based on hydrazine and NH4NO3. Astrolite was offered in both aluminized and non-aluminized formulations, the former advertised as the most powerful chemical explosive available. A more widely sold binary, Kinestik, combines finely pulverized NH4NO3 and nitromethane. This combination, offered by several vendors, is the only binary explosive currently available commercially. To ensure complete migration of the liquid into the solid phase, a dye is added to the liquid. When the intact mixed explosive is examined, dye can be extracted from the solid with acetone, examined by TLC or GC-MS, and compared to the dye used by producers of the product. Identification of the NH4NO3 is straightforward and nitromethane can be identified by low-temperature GC. 

A chemical reaction, as described in the third hypothesis of Dalton s atomic theory [Ml Section 2.1 ], is the rearrangement of atoms in a sample of matter. Examples include the rusting of iron and the explosive combination of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce water. A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to denote what occurs in a chemical reaction. We have seen how chemists represent elements and compounds using chemical symbols. Now we wDl look at how chemists represent chemical reactions using chemical equations. 

The choice of physical separation by distance, barriers or their combination may differ from location to location within the nuclear power plant. It will depend on the need to provide protection against all the PlEs considered in the design basis, including the effects of fire, chemical explosion, aircraft strikes and missiles. References [6-9] provide additional guidance. 

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