Explosive chemicals effects

Explosive chemicals. See also Explosion Explosives characteristic chemical groupings, 236, 237, 238 disposal methods, 246 effects, 241... 

There is, of course, a chemical effect in carbon monoxide flames. This point was mentioned in the discussion of carbon monoxide explosion limits. Studies have shown that CO flame velocities increase appreciably when small amounts of hydrogen, hydrogen-containing fuels, or water are added. For 45% CO in air, the flame velocity passes through a maximum after approximately 5% by volume of water has been added. At this point, the flame velocity is 2.1 times the value with 0.7% H20 added. After the 5% maximum is attained a dilution effect begins to cause a decrease in flame speed. The effect and the maximum arise because a sufficient steady-state concentration of OH radicals must be established for the most effective explosive condition. 

Dr. Edward Teller remarked recently that the origin of the earth was somewhat like the explosion of the atomic bomb the physical effects are often temporary, but the chemical effects, such as radioactive and non-radioactive elements, remain. It is possible by a study of these substances to learn much about the bomb, and also about the origin of the earth. 

It is recommended that experiments with explosive chemicals not be conducted in the confinement of standard fume cupboards, with shatterable front and side panels, but on the open bench behind anchored polycarbonate blast screens. Even light top cover is found much to increase lateral blast effects. Specially designed laboratories are, of course, much preferable for such experiments. 

Chapter 12 presents the chemistry of explosives. Chemical explosives and propellants are well-covered in this book because of their importance for peaceful uses. They are considered chemical compounds in pure form or mixtures that rapidly produce a large volume of hot gases when properly ignited. The destructive effects of explosives are much more spectacular than their peaceful uses. However, it appears that more explosives have been used by industries for peaceful purposes than in all the wars. 

TATP and DADP neither detonate nor deflagrate they are rare entropy explosions. The effect is from rapid dissociation of weak atomic bonds within the acetone peroxide molecules, not from a chemical reaction as seen in all common explosives. Acetone peroxides require neither heat to form nor do they release heat when they dissociate the effect is similar to the solid-to-gas reaction that deploys automobile air bags. 

Because the electronic nose is based upon the science of gas chromatography, odour measurements can be easily confirmed and validated by independent laboratory measurements taken on quality control samples. The ability to rapidly perform analytical measurements on odours of all kinds in real time will provide first responders with a cost effective new tool for identifying explosive, chemical, or biological threat odours. 

Must have reduced human absorption and bioavailability The toxicity of it should be understood Knowledge of its environmental fate is understood Minimized hazardous properties (e.g., explosivity) Minimal chemical effects due to reactivity (e.g., oxidation) Reduced synergism with known environmental toxins... 

Several pre-treatment processes combine physical and chemical elements. Addition of dilute acid in steam explosion can effectively improve enzymatic hydrolysis, decrease the production of inhibitory compounds and lead to more complete removal of hemicellulose. 

D 2 Physical damage (fire/explosion, chemical, etc.) due to lightning current effect including spark... 

Flow reactors can be used effectively for synthesizing Qxs in good to excellent yield. The explosive diazoketones were synthesized from the ahphatic and aromatic acyl chlorides in a flow reactor and are used without further purification in a continuous operation and treated with o-phenylenediamines to obtain the Qxs (Scheme 2.24). The major advantage of this synthesis is avoidance of a separate purification step, less solvent consumption, and elimination of the exposure of solvents and toxic/explosive chemicals [128]. 

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