Chemical explosives structural characteristics

We have also reported a new explosive called, N,N -bis(l,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,4 -diamino-2,2, 3,3,5,5,6,6,-oclarnlroazobenzene (BTDAONAB) [Structure (2.39)], prepared on a laboratory scale and characterized for its thermal and explosive characteristics [25]. This explosive possesses a remarkable thermal stability which is better than the most thermally stable explosive, TATB and at the same time, its VOD is more than that of TATB. The chemical structures of some newly reported explosives are depicted in Figure 2.3. 

The cyclodextrins (cycloamyloses) are torus-shaped molecules that can form crystalline inclusion compounds, recently attracting much attention as enzyme-site models. Their history has been seen in three phases. From 1891 to 1935 they were known as natural products, but with no recognition of their exact chemical structure. This recognition emerged in the second period, to about 1970, when most of their characteristics were also elucidated. The period from 1970 to the present has seen considerable research into their industrial use and production.239 Their inclusion compounds or complexes have found employment in such diverse fields as explosives, insecticides, pharmaceutical products, rust-prevention agents, and even baking powder. 

Physical chemistry. Identity and physico-chemical properties of the substance. This includes the structural formula of the chemical or the components of a mixture, melting point, boiling point, water and fat solubility, vapour pressure, partition coefficient and data on flammability and explosion characteristics. This involves a great deal of detailed analytical work all of which must be carried out to the highest standard, for instance using Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in a quality assured laboratory. 

In spite of the explosion in studies on ionic liquids (ILs), there is only a small number of studies of their basic characteristics. There are limitless possibilities for the design of ILs by changing their component ion structures. However, the chance of succes s is not very great without accurate information on the structure-properties relationship. Physico-chemical property data for ILs are therefore very important for the present and future ofthe field of ILs. In this chapter, some basic properties of air-stable ILs have been summarized. Some are not directly related to electrochemistry but are very important and useful for a wide range of science and technology related to ILs. 

The next simplest ether is actually the one most commonly referred to as "ether". It is diethyl ether, whose molecular formula is C H.OC H, sometimes written as (C H-l O. This ether is the compound that was widely used as an anesthetic in many hospitals. One of the hazards of all ethers, and particularly diethyl ether because of its widespread use, is that once ethers have been exposed to air, they possess the unique capability of adding an oxygen atom to their structure and converting into a dangerously unstable and explosive organic peroxide. The peroxide-forming hazard aside, diethyl ether has a flash point of -56°F and an ignition temperature of 356 F. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with the characteristic ether odor. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, it is useful in the synthesis of many other chemicals, but it is an extremely hazardous material. 

The physical, chemical and hazardous properties of a number of highly toxic or flammable substances that were in the past or being currently used in the warfare have been discussed in detail in several chapters in this book. Some of these compounds are further discussed under specific chapters, such as. Sulfur Mustards, Nerve Gases, Dioxin and Related Compounds and Napalm. These and many other compounds are in most cases grouped together in this book based on their chemical structures along with their toxic or flammable properties. Presented below is a brief discussion on various types of chemicals weapons developed for military applications. Explosive substances have been omitted from this section. They are discussed separately in this book under topics such as Explosive Characteristics of Chemical Substances, Nitro Explosives, Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides and also under specific title compounds in various chapters. 

Explosive substances differ in a number of characteristics, such as chemical structure, sensitivity, and stability. They can be classified according to different criteria. However, the most satisfying classification seems to be... 

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