Expert definition

All the criteria so far discussed are certainly important but it is also crucial that what is provided meets the patient s reasonable expectations with regard to quality in the broad sense [10]. The meaning of quality at one level may be to equate it to effectiveness, but the definition of quality certainly goes beyond a reflection of how patients perceive the effectiveness of the services they receive. The definition of quality is also likely to differ depending on cultural expectations and values, as well as the nature of the health care system through which pharmaceutical services are delivered. For example, a US patient may equate quality to freedom of choice, while a patient in the UK may equate it to shorter waiting times or to reduced variations in services across the system. Expert definitions of quality include the dimensions of access, appropriateness, and technical and/or interpersonal excellence as measured by the health outcomes achieved [3,10]. Therefore access to pharmaceutical services (i.e. availability of prescribers, pharmacies and medicines) should be appropriate to what patients need and delivered in a manner that displays good levels of professional practice. 

An ingredient used in food prior to January 1, 1958 can be considered GRAS under the conditions of its intended use based on common use in food. PDA prior approval generally is not necessary. A post-1958 food ingredient that is generally recognized by qualified experts as safe, under the conditions of its intended use based on scientific tests, is GRAS by definition and therefore is not a food additive and does not require PDA approval prior to use. 

Definition / An expert system is a computer program that manipulates large amounts of symboHc knowledge using quaUtative techniques, to solve problems that can otherwise be solved only by expert human problem solvers. Expert systems capture the human problem solver s expertise in the form of domain-specific knowledge and domain-independent problem-solving strategies. 

Definition 2 is phrased in terms of knowledge-based systems rather than expert systems. No reference is made to expert human problem solvers. Definition 2 captures the sense that the representation and manipulation of knowledge is the source of such a system s power, whether or not that knowledge is dkecdy eHcited from a human expert. 

Therefore the basic task of scientific work is development of sensitive, selective and simple methods of quantitative definition of the total contents of the alkaloids in the expert-criminal objects with the help of electrochemical methods of the analysis. 

L. Rcimer. Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985. An advanced text for experts, this is probably the most definitive work in the field. 

The system works interactively with the user to select the best material for the specified application, educating the novice and informing the expert. Users can access definitions of materials, their advantages and disadvantages, compare graphs of flexural modulus vs. temperature, review data sheets and explore materials selection examples. The system is also hyper-linked to complete material supplier information and online help. 

When I started to research this topic seriously, I asked the experts for a monograph on oil field chemicals and they replied, There is none. This book is the result of my efforts to create a definitive study on this important subject. 

The syntax for implementing this in an actual expert system is, of course, quite diverse and it is beyond the scope of this book to describe this in more detail. As an example the above-mentioned mle is translated in a realistic syntax. This starts by the definition of the attributes and their possible values. In this examples two attributes must be defined ... 

The next few steps are very similar to those required in any software project. One of the first stages is the clear definition of the knowledge domain. It must be clear which problems the expert system must solve. It is at this stage not the intention to define how this can be done. Clarity and specificity must be the major guides here. Fuzziness at this stage will, more than in classical software projects, have to be paid for later when different interpretations cause misunderstandings. Equally important is the clear definition of the end user(s). An expert system set up as decision support tool for professionals is totally different from an expert system that can be used as a training support for less professional people. 

Independent reference methods - one organization Two or more independent reference methods, each based on an entirely conceptually different principle of measurement, independent in theory and experimental procedure, applied in replicate, within a single organization, of the highest reputational quality, by two or more expert analysts, working independently. The methods used can, naturally, include definitive methods, and the results should be corroborated by a third or additional, independently different, accurately characterized, well established, thoroughly validated, definitive, reference, or other methods. 

The integration of analytical methods in European standards requires their acceptance by several national experts within special working groups and in a final weighted vote of National Standards Bodies. Therefore, there needs to be very high confidence in the performance of methods. Consequently, methods should be tested in inter-laboratory method validation studies, with the exception of those multiresidue methods which are widely used throughout Europe. In the case of CEN methods there is no doubt about residue definition but detailed requirements about the number of matrices and concentration levels in validation experiments do not exist. Eor this reason it may be that CEN methods are validated for important crops only. 

Clearly, no matter how valuable an ES might be, unless an expert can be found who combines an appropriate level of understanding with the time and motivation needed to create the system, no ES can be created. This is often the key challenge in preparing a new ES, since almost by definition there are few experts available in areas in which the ES is likely to be of the greatest value. 

Now that the definition of a volatile liquid has been settled, the expert system could apply the rule. However, this approach is clearly unsatisfactory. The all-or-nothing crisp set that defines "volatile" does not allow for degrees of volatility. This conflicts with our common sense notion of volatility as a description, which changes smoothly from low-boiling liquids, like diethyl ether (boiling point = 34.6°C), which are widely accepted to be volatile, to materials like graphite or steel that are nonvolatile. If a human expert used the rule ... 

After all the answers from the interviews had been uploaded, an expert analysed each supply chain for each of the seven defined criteria for quality and safety microbial toxins and abiotic contaminants potential pathogens natural plant toxicants freshness and taste nutrient content and food additives fraud social and ethical aspects. For example, an expert on freshness and taste would check each major step in a supply chain for tomatoes to determine if it fulfilled the definition of a CCP (HACCP, Principle 2) in relation to freshness and taste for this commodity. If the step was considered to be a CCP, the answers in the questionnaire that related to relevant substeps at this step would be reviewed, to assess the control procedures that were in use for this CCP. The expert would then fill in the text field, structuring the input to consist of the following points ... 

In chapter 1 we recall some fundamental facts, that will be used in the rest of the book. First in section 1.1, we give the definition and the most important properties of Xfnl then in section 1.2 we explain the Weil conjectures in the form in which we are later going to use them in order to compute Betti numbers of Hilbert schemes, and finally in section 1.3 we introduce the punctual Hilbert scheme, which parametrizes subschemes concentrated in a point of a smooth variety. We hope that the non-expert reader will find in particular sections 1.1 and 1.2 useful as a quick reference. 

Therefore, Chapter 4 will give a detailed definition of these precursors and a way to identify them in practice. Moreover, causes for the occurrence of these precursors will be identified to retrieve a better understanding of why accidents still occur, and this will be closely linked to the normal way of working. From these concepts a model will be developed which can approach practice in a straightforward pro-active way, without the need to possess any expert knowledge and which provides clear directions for improvements in identifying safety related risks. 

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