Domain-independent

Definition / An expert system is a computer program that manipulates large amounts of symboHc knowledge using quaUtative techniques, to solve problems that can otherwise be solved only by expert human problem solvers. Expert systems capture the human problem solver s expertise in the form of domain-specific knowledge and domain-independent problem-solving strategies. 

The statement and proof of the truth criterion (see Lakshmanan, 1989) for quantitative constraints is along the lines of Chapman s truth criterion for domain independent nonmonotonic planning. From this criterion, the plan modification operations that would ensure satisfaction of constraints are... 

The first of these issues is known as operationality (Minton et al., 1990) and will be discussed in Section V. The second problem requires us to equip the deduction process with a means to know when deductions are irrelevant, or to change the way the conditions are expressed to avoid the problem altogether. In general, neither of these solutions can be accomplished in a domain independent way. However, the latter solution confines the domain dependency to the conditions themselves, rather than the deduction mechanism, and thus is preferred. 

Technical architecture The domain-independent pieces of middleware, databases, libraries, and so on that will be used in the implementation. This is documented with package diagrams and with collaborations. 

What does it mean for two objects to be equal For one to be a copy of the other These questions arise often in different forms and have an answer that is domain-independent. This section defines what they mean and provides standard template packages to use. These standard template packages can be used to define standard copy and equality as well as for features such as replication and caching. 

In practice, it is useful to distinguish the application architecture—how the business logic is split across components and how they interact—from the technical architecture all the infrastructure and other domain-independent pieces that support that collaboration. The four-tier Web-enabled architecture presents a typical case for making this distinction. 

The technical architecture includes all domain-independent design decisions, including the communication middleware that is used to enable communication between apphcation architectural components the patterns and rules that are followed in using the middleware all domain-independent libraries that may be needed to build the system and the rules for using them. The domain-independent facilities include the following ... 

Unfortunately, until component-based development becomes the norm and until project managers understand the economics of buying the kinds of domain-independent components described earlier, we will still be building many of them. If most of the elements of the technical architecture are already implemented, then estimating the development time for business functions becomes much less like a black art. 

The technical architecture Apackage structure (for static dependencies) and collaborations (across technology components, such as UI, business object servers, and databases). These cover all domain-independent parts of the system hardware and software platforms infrastructure components such as middleware and databases utilities for logging, exceptions, start-up, and shutdown design standards and tools and the choice of... 

Utility classes Design and implement other domain-independent services, such as querying, exception signaling, message logging, command interpreters, and so on. 

One popular strategy to isolate and identify the binding domain of a protein type CSP is to compare the retention and enantioselectivity behaviour of CSPs prepared with whole proteins and with isolated protein domains. Such a study has been performed by Pinkerton et al. [204) with turkey ovomucoid. Columns made from whole-turkey ovomucoid displayed chiral activity toward many racemates, whereas the fused first and second domain resolved only a selected number of aromatic weak bases. The first and second domains independently expressed no appreciable chiral recognition activity. The third domain, however, exhibited enantioselective protein binding for fused-ring aromatic weak acids, and glycosylation of this domain did not affect chiral recognition. 

The topmost Meta Layer is the most abstract one . It introduces domain-independent root terms, such as Object or N-aryRelation, and establishes an approach to represent mereotopological relations between objects. Furthermore, generic Design Patterns (e.g., [682]) are introduced, which define best-practice solutions for general design problems. 

Figure 2.36 displays the structure of the four submodels of the C EDM as well as their interdependencies on a coarse-grained level. As indicated in the figure, each submodel can be split into a domain-independent and a domain-specific part. Since the individual parts are represented as OWL ontologies, inclusion relations can be established between them by means of the OWL... 

The Process Ontology requires concepts from the Document Model to describe the handling of (domain-independent) documents as input and output information of activities. Consequently, its extension specific to chemical engineering Chemical Engineering Work Processes) includes the domain-specific extension of the Document Model. That way, the document types specific to engineering design processes can be referenced in a work process model. 

On top, a high-level Data Model (cf. part 2 of ISO 15926) introduces generic classes like physical object, activity, and event, and defines generic relations, such as composition, connection, containment, and causality. Also, the aforementioned 4D approach is established here. The Data Model is domain-independent and contains roughly 200 classes. 

Around these fundamental and domain-independent models, extension points are placed that can be used to add the models of a specific application domain or other specializations. The concrete data are then stored as instances of the appropriate ontological concepts. This allows modifications and extensions of the partial models used, even during project execution. 

Models in the case study of Sect. 6.4 (column (d) in Fig. 6.1), on the conceptual realization layer, have an explicit basic specification, which is independent of the application domain. The characteristics of an application domain are specified interactively by the so-called parameterization environment (types of tasks, documents etc.). A graph transformation specification is generated from these interactive specifications, which extends the basic and domain-independent specification. Again, using this parameterization environment, different kinds of determinations for specific could have been introduced. 

Large proteins often contain distinct domains, independently folded regions of tertiary structure with characteristic structural or functional properties or both (see Figure 3-7). 

Note that this approach is in principle not restricted to the domain of aviation. In fact, it is completely domain-independent, as long as it is applied to systems that consists of multiple interacting agents, and of which it is possible to obtain empirical data in the form of scenario descriptions. Nevertheless, the main purpose of the current paper is to smdy the applicability of this approach to the domain of aviation. Hence, in the remainder of the paper, the 7 steps are illustrated by means of the mnway incursion case smdy. 

Studying inventions led Altshuller to two interesting observations. First, the same contradictions could be found in many inventive problems and in various areas of engineering that is, they were universal, not domain specific. Second, inventors, in no matter what domain, were using the same ways to eliminate the same technical contradictions. These two observations combined led Altshuller to the conclusion that both contradictions and the heuristics for their elimination (called later Inventive Principles ) are entirely domain independent. Next, he had a dream If we knew all Inventive Principles, then the life of inventors would be so much easier. He was a man of action and made finding inventive principles one of his top research priorities. Soon, after only several years, he had a collection of 40 inventive principles, which can be described as a group thus ... 

As a result of his studies, he produced three surprising and important results. First, he noticed that engineering systems do not evolve randomly. Second, he observed clear objective patterns behind their evolution. Finally, he discovered that the patterns he found were domain independent. In other words, he discovered that the evolution of all engineering systems was governed by the same set of patterns, which he called... 

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