Problem solvers

Definition / An expert system is a computer program that manipulates large amounts of symboHc knowledge using quaUtative techniques, to solve problems that can otherwise be solved only by expert human problem solvers. Expert systems capture the human problem solver s expertise in the form of domain-specific knowledge and domain-independent problem-solving strategies. 

Definition 2 is phrased in terms of knowledge-based systems rather than expert systems. No reference is made to expert human problem solvers. Definition 2 captures the sense that the representation and manipulation of knowledge is the source of such a system s power, whether or not that knowledge is dkecdy eHcited from a human expert. 

D. Navinchandra, "Case-Based Reasoning in CYCLOPS, A Design Problem Solver," in Ref. 82. 

Insofar as complex adaptive systems can be regarded as being essentially open-ended problem-solvers, their lifeblood consists mostly of novelty. The ability of a complex adaptive system to survive and evolve in a constantly changing environment is determiimd by its ability to continually find — either by chance, or experience, or more typically both insightful new strategies to increase its overall fitness (which is, of course, a constantly changing function in time). 

McDowell, J. K., and Davis, J. F., Problem solver integration based on generic task architectures, in "Intelligent Modeling, Diagnosis and Control of Manufacturing Processes (B. B. Chu and S. Chen, eds.). World Scientific, Singapore, 1992, pp. 61-82. 

In contrast to classical analysis, the concept of modern analytical chemistry has changed in so far as the problem that has to be solved is included in the analytical process. The analytical chemist is considered as a problem solver (Lucchesi [1980]) and the concept is represented in the form of the analytical trinity (Betteridge [1976]) as shown in Fig. 1.2. 

Lucchesi, CA (1980) The analytical chemist as problem solver. Internat Lab 11/12 67... 

Experimental scientists tend not to be interested in robotic samplers, even those with attitude instead they want software that will solve problems. For them, AI tools may be of considerable value as problem solvers. In this book, we explore such uses. 

Fogiel, M., ed., The Geometry Problem Solver (Research and Education Association, New York, 1987). 

Good problem solvers are among the most highly sought after individuals in existence today. In most cases companies and organizations have already identified their skilled problem solvers and consider these individuals to be amongst their most valuable assets. 

The real problem is we just don t have enough true problem solvers to go around. With ever increasing demand for the problem solvers time, true problem solving is allocated fewer and fewer resources and thus returns less and less benefit to the company. This phenomenon is worth further exploration. 

Assumptions hinder the problem solver because they tend to apply a rule or regulation to the problem that does not exist. For example, by applying the correct torque to a piping flange setting, the assumption is that the clamping force of the bolt will ensure a... 

Probably the most interesting and enlightening analysis you could ever perform is to analyze why failure analysis fails. By its pure definition, it is impossible for failure analysis to fail—so how come it does The answers (root causes) often lie with the problem solvers themselves, as well as their management support groups. 

Quite often, the problem with problem solving is the problem solvers themselves. 

Problem solvers do not always understand the importance of data to analysis efforts and are therefore poor at the identification, collection and use of failure data. Data is definitely the key to successful analysis. With every piece of data obtained, the analysts should be asking themselves questions relative to what the evidence is providing. For... 

Here it is management s job to make sure that this happens. Unfortunately not all organizations have seasoned problem solvers on their staff. If this is the case, they should be obtained from outside organizations specializing in this type of work. The key here is to recognize that although we have many qualified employees who do their individual jobs well, this does not necessarily make them experts in the science of problem solving. 

If you answered 8-10 questions correctly, you are a good problem solver. Read through the lesson to discover alternate methods of solution. Chances are, there will be new techniques explained that will be of benefit to you. Try all the examples and practice questions at the end of the chapter there may be different types of problems than the ten given thus far. 

Cornelius, R. Cabrol D. Cachet C. "GEORGE - A Problem-Solver for Chemistry Students" CC Press, Wentworth, NH, 1985. 

Hayes JR. The Complete Problem Solver. Philadelphia Franklin Institute, 1981. 

Innocentive, Andover, MA, USA, is a particular, virtual CRO. It offers companies the possibility to post research problems, such as a synthesis for a new compound anonymously on the Internet. Its Website now connects more than 95,000 registered scientists around the world. Financial incentives up to 100,000 are paid to successful problem solvers. The success rate runs at about 35%. 

For instance, such a mechanism may motivate maximal environmental exploration over a wide range of success rates, both by the naive youngster and by the experienced problem-solver. If internal... 

A common technique for inventors and other creative problem solvers is to create a bug list of nagging problems or difficulties in the world that might be deserving of a clever and profitable solution. 

Besides the work with Carr and Schmidt, I had a very pleasant interaction with Ed Cussler over some problems in mass transfer through membranes with barriers [238], through anisotropic membranes [232], and by facilitated diffusion [247]. A severely mathematical problem of diffusion through a slot could be solved by a Schwartz-Christoffel transformation,41 and provided an asymptotic formula that proved useful in the barrier problem [223]. Cussler was delightful to work with because he refused to accept any mathematical solution that could not be unpacked and shown to be physically sensible (cf. [244]). Next to Bosanquet, he is the most intuitive problem solver with whom I have worked. Chapter 19 [232] is reprinted here. 

Assuming that these findings are eventually substantiated by additional research, they find their most obvious application to problem solving in industry, professional practice, and research. Here the procedure could play a role similar to that played by consultants, brainstorming, synectics, and other attempts to augment and "unstick" the problem solver s unsuccessful efforts. A quote from one of our subjects illustrates the possibilities ... 

For Boundary Value Problems bvp4c Boundary value problem solver for DEs. 

Once prepared, this singular BVP can be solved as before via our modified version bvp4cf singhouseqr. m of MATLAB s bvp4c.m boundary value problem solver. 

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