Reversal learning

Bushnell PJ, Bowman RE. 1979b. Persistence of impaired reversal learning in young monkeys exposed to low levels of dietary lead. J Toxicol Environ Health 5 1015-1023. 

Yoerg, S. I. (1991). Social feeding reverses learned flavor aversions in spotted hyenas (Cro-cutacrocuta). Journal of Comparative Psychobgy 105,185-189. 

Cools R, Clark L, Owen AM, Robbins TW. Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 2002 22 4563 -567. 

Abdul-Monim Z, Neill JC, Reynolds GP. 2007. Sub-chronic psychotomimetic phencyclidine induces deficits in reversal learning and alterations in parvalbumin-immunoreactive expression in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 21 198-205. 

Abdul-Monim Z, Reynolds GP, Neill JC. 2006. The effect of atypical and classical antipsychotics on sub-chronic PCP-induced cognitive deficits in a reversal-learning paradigm. Behav Brain Res 169 263-273. 

Cools R, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Barker RA, Robbins TW. 2007. L-DOPA disrupts activity in the nucleus accumbens during reversal learning in Parkinson s disease. Neuropsychophar-... 

Fellows LK, Farah MJ. 2003. Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans Evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain 126 1830-1837. 

Idris NF, Repeto P, Neill JC, Large CH. 2005. Investigation of the effects of lamotrigine and clozapine in improving reversal-learning impairments induced by acute phencyclidine and D-amphetamine in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179 336-348. 

Waltz JA, Gold JM. 2007. Probabilistic reversal learning impairments in schizophrenia Further evidence of orbitofrontal dysfunction. Schizophr Res 93 296-303. 

Fig. 7. Depiction of the hypothetical relationship between the locus of DA depletion in cortico-striatal loops , cognitive and motor performance and the effects of L-Dopa (see Swainson et al., 2000 Cools et al., 2001). Whereas some forms of cognitive performance are improved by L-Dopa in Parkinson s disease, reversal learning is impaired- possibly as a consequence of the ventral cortico-striatal loops being less severely depleted than the more dorsal loops , thus leading to effective over-dosing of this circuitry by L-Dopa. Adapted from Swainson et ah (2000).

Mehta MA, Swainson R, Ogilvie AD, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2001) Improved short term memory but impaired reversal learning following the D2 agonist bromocriptine in human volunteers. Psychopharmacology 759 12-20. 

Lai ZC, Moss MB, Killiany RJ, Rosene DL, Herndon JG (1995) Executive system dysfunction in the aged monkey spatial and object reversal learning. Neurobiol Aging 16 947-954... 

Rapp PR (1990) Visual discrimination and reversal learning in the aged monkey (Macaca mulatta). Behav Neurosci 104 876-884... 

Ridley RM, Baker HF, Drewett B, Johnson JA (1985) Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the basal forebrain on serial reversal learning in marmosets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 86 438 43... 

Widholm, J.J., Seo, B.W., Strupp, B.J., Seegal, R.F., Schantz, S.L. (2003). Effects of perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on spatial and visual reversal learning in rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 25 459-71. 

A second approach is embodied in reversal learning. Using this approach, the correct and incorrect arms (stimuli) in the maze are reversed after the subject initially learns which is correct. For example. 

Papadopoulos P, Rosa-Neto P, Rochford J, Hamel E (2013) Pioglitazone Improves Reversal learning and exerts mixed cerebrovascular effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer s disease with combined amyloid-p and cerebrovascular pathology. PLoS One 8 e68612. doi 10.1371/journal.pone. 0068612... 

Fiorini A, Sultana R, Forster S, Perluigi M, Cenini G, Cini C et al (2013) Antisense directed against PS-1 gene decreases brain oxidative markers in aged senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8) and reverses learning and memory impairment A proteomics study. Free Radic Biol Med 65 1-14... 

Tg2576 mouse model of reversal learning, spatial trials to succeed at spatial o... 

MK-801 (0.05-0.1 mg/kg) 30 min after donepezil (0.10, 0.30 or 1.00 mg/kg) spatial learning, locomotion, fear conditioning and shock sensitivity ameliorate MK-801-induced deficits in spatial reversal learning and in contextual and cued memory in dose-dependent manner. Similarly, it did not reverse MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. However, it altered shock sensitivity... 

D) Reversal learning experiment in which on day 9 after the probe trial the platform was moved... 

Schantz SL, Levin ED, Bowman RE, et al. 1989. Effects of perinatal PCB exposure on discrimination-reversal learning in monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11 243-250. 

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