Evaluation of the Results

Each participating laboratory was requested to perform a minimum of five independent replicate determinations on at least two bottles and on no less than two separate days. Total arsenic as well as arsenobetaine and dimethy-larsinic acid had to be quantified. Inorganic species [As(III) and As(V)j, as well as arsenocholine and monomethylarsonic acid were not detected by the various methods described in Section 7.2. 

Almost all the participants used an extraction with a water/methanol (1 1 v/v) mixture with or without ultrasonic assistance. It has been verified that this process does not induce arsenobetaine, DMA, MMA, As(V) or arsenocholine degradation. The optimization of the power of the ultrasonic bath is an important feature for achieving the best extraction yields nevertheless, the bath must be refrigerated to avoid degradation of the compounds. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin is also possible, but the activity of the enzyme must be strictly controlled before use to guarantee the reproducibility of the method. 

One laboratory used purification on a silica column, which is a source of possible losses and should be avoided. Filtration with Cig proved to be efficient and did not lead to losses of arsenobetaine, DMA, MMA or As(V). 

In term of mass balances, two laboratories found a concentration of total arsenic in the powder lower than the sum of the various arsenic species detected. In one case, this was due to an incomplete digestion of the solid, and in the other case, to a calibration error in the determination of arsenobetaine. Some participants found traces of arsenocholine, MMA or As(V), but the amounts were too small to be quantified consequently, only DMA, arsenobetaine and total As contents were certified. 

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Is the record complete so as to provide conclusions and evaluations of the results stemming from the experimentation ... 

On-Hne Procedures The growing trend toward automation in industry has resiilted in many studies of rapid procedures for generating size information so that feedback loops can be instituted as an integral part of a process. Many of these techniques are modifications of more traditional methods. The problems associated with on-line methods include allocation and preparation of a representative sample analysis of the sample evaluation of the results. The interface between the measuring apparatus and the process has the potential of high complexity, and consequently, high costs [Leschonsld, Paiticle Cha racterization, 1, 1 (July 1984)]. 

Comprehensive evaluation of the results shows that the adsorption and desorption of alkanesulfonates, and other surfactants too, is diffusion-controlled. The dilatation modulus increases with increasing number of carbons because of the enhanced intermolecular interaction. This information is particularly significant in, for instance, foams. 

Fig. 9.8 Comparison of experimentally determined and back-calculated one-bond RDCs for the crystal structure (A), the ROE-derived structure (B) and the (RDC-hROE)-refined structure (C) of cyclosporin A. (D) Evaluation of the resulting models for the...

Evaluation of the results Evaluation of the results consists of (i) technical scrutiny of the consistency and of the quality of the data the acceptance, on technical (not statistical) grounds, of data to be used to calculate the certified value and its uncertainty, (2) the calculation (using the appropriate statistical techniques) of the certified value and its uncertainty. The approach indudes technical discussion of the results among all cooperators, rejection of outliers, statistical evaluation, and calculation of the certified value and uncertainties. 

Calculate the second-order perturbation correction to the ground-state energy for the system in problem 9.5. (Use integration by parts and see Appendix A for the evaluation of the resulting integral.)... 

Confirmatory procedures are evaluated differently from determinative procedures because of the different intended uses of the procedure. The primary differences are the testing laboratories and evaluation of the resulting data. Because a confirmatory procedure is needed for legal action, the procedure will be evaluated based on the results obtained in a government laboratory. 

Typically, one expects a chapter to be a critical review and an evaluation of the results and opinions which various workers have presented in journal articles or books. The author is expected to point out discrepancies in previous work and, if he cannot resolve them, to suggest the nature of further studies needed for that purpose. Except where it may be necessary to introduce them to justify his evaluations and conclusions, an article in Advances in Chemical Engineering is not ordinarily the appropriate place of first publication for new experimental or theoretical results of the author. In exceptional cases, especially when the space required for intelligible presentation W ould exceed that normally available in a journal article, the Editors will consider chapters that are essentially reports of previously unpublished work by the author. 

Interpretation of the results, which includes both the evaluation of the results in terms of the goal and scope as defined before and the assessment of the robustness of the results in terms of uncertainties and data gaps. 

A commonly used procedure for the determination of phosphate in seawater and estuarine waters uses the formation of the molybdenum blue complex at 35-40 °C in an autoanalyser and spectrophotometric evaluation of the resulting colour. Unfortunately, when applied to seawater samples, depending on the chloride content of the sample, peak distortion or even negative peaks occur which make it impossible to obtain reliable phosphate values (Fig. 2.7). This effect can be overcome by the replacement of the distilled water-wash solution used in such methods by a solution of sodium chloride of an appropriate concentration related to the chloride concentration of the sample. The chloride content of the wash solution need not be exactly equal to that of the sample. For chloride contents in the sample up to 18 000 mg/1 (i.e., seawater),... 

The most controversial issue is the number and exact stoichiometries of the iron(III)-sulfito complexes formed under different experimental conditions. Earlier, van Eldik and co-workers reported the formation of a series of [Fe(SO ) ]3-2" (n = to 3) complexes and the [Fe(S03)(0H)] complex (89,91,92). The stability constants of these species were determined by evaluating time resolved rapid-scan spectra obtained from the sub-second to several minutes time domain. The cis-trans isomerization of the complexes was also considered, under feasible circumstances. In contrast, Betterton interpreted his results assuming the formation and linkage isomerization of a single complex, [Fe(SC>3)]+ (93). In agreement with the latter results, Conklin and Hoffmann also found evidence only for the formation of a mono-complex (94). However, their results were criticized on the basis that the experiments were made in 1.0 M formic acid/formate buffer where iron(III) existed mainly as formato complex(es). Although these reactions could interfere with the formation of the sulfito complex, they were not considered in the evaluation of the results (95). Finally, van Eldik and co-workers re-examined the complex-formation reactions and presented additional data in support of... 

For quantitative evaluation of the results, both the TG-curve and the output of the printer of the computer are important. The recorded curve is important at every point during the experiment for handling the whole mn. The first outprint is the starting point for further calculations. 

Automatic data collection and processing is becoming more and more common in modern instrumentation. This not only shortens the time for accurate evaluation of the results, but also makes it possible to take into account various experimental factors and to make necessary corrections. 

The theoretical background of various thermoanalytical methods is now well established. An important contribution to the quantitative evaluation of the results was made by the use of standard reference materials. These allow not only the calibration of the instrument but also the comparison and correlation of results which were obtained with different instruments. 

The objectives of this monograph are to provide a compilation of the newest results in this field of research, a critical evaluation of the results, a comparison of the various LC separation techniques, and the prediction of future trends in the LC analysis of pigments. The book is meant to be self-sufficient in terms of the needs of the average analytical chemist who intends to work in this fascinating field. We are confident that it will be a valuable reference book for researchers and serious students engaged in the chromatography of pigments. 

The number k of clusters being inherent in the data set is usually unknown, but it is needed as an input of the fc-means algorithm. Since the algorithm is very fast, it can be run for a range of different numbers of clusters, and the best result can be selected. Here, best refers to an evaluation of the results by cluster validity measures (see Section 6.7). 

Specific objectives and results of propellant grinding tests performed in support of the EDS II program for the Eco Logic technology package are discussed in detail in Chapter 4. The description of the tests and the committee s evaluation of the results presented in Chapter 4 are also applicable to the use of this unit operation in the SILVER II technology package. 

The genotoxicity of fuel oil no. 2, kerosene, and diesel fuel was also evaluated with the mouse lymphoma TK" " forward mutation assay (Conaway et al. 1984). The data reported was insufficient to permit a full evaluation of the results however, the authors considered diesel fuel and kerosene to be negative and fuel oil no. 2 to be positive. 

During the research and development phases of a project financial appraisal can and should be carried out frequently, in order to check that the process under review still constitutes an efficient use of resources. For instance, evaluation of the results of basic research or pilot scale versions of the process etc. are valuable exercises, provided sufficiently accurate information can be generated to enable a confident decision to be made concerning a positive commitment to the next stage of the project. Such information is additionally important since it highlights any inter-relationships between the various steps in the process and the final cost of the product, and indicates those operations where further efforts in process development can give the greatest beneficial effects on the cost of the product. 

The scheme of documentation and evaluation of the results is shown below. 

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