Evaluation of Results

3 Evaluation of results. A proper evaluation of results is one of the keys to the success of any kind of interlaboratory study. This should be based on clear instructions provided to participants, using, e.g. protocols accompanying test samples and 

Statistics should follow the technical scrutiny, not the other way round. A statistical analysis of data of an interlaboratory study cannot explain deviating results nor can alone give information on the accuracy of the results. Statistics only treat a population of data and provide information on the statistical characteristics of this population. The results of the statistical treatment may give rise to discussions on particular data not belonging to the rest of the population, but outlying data can sometimes be closer to the true value than the bulk of the population (Griepink et al., 1993). If no systematic errors affect the population of data, various statistical tests may be applied to the results, which can be treated either as individual data or as means of laboratory means. When different methods are applied, the statistical treatment is usually based on the mean values of replicate determinations. Examples of statistical tests used for certification purposes are described elsewhere (Horwitz, 1991). Together with the technical evaluation of the results, the statistical evaluation forms the basis for the conclusions to be drawn and the possible actions to be taken. 

Test Resuks The methods of cleaning specimens and evaluating results after plant corrosion tests are identic to those described earlier for laboratory tests. 

Electrochemical On-Line Corrosion Monitoring On-line corrosion monitoring is used to evaluate the status of equipment and piping in chemical process industries (CPI) plants. These monitoring methods are based on electrochemical techniques. To use on-line monitoring effectively, the engineer needs to understand the underlying electrochemical test methods to be employed. This section covers many of these test methods and their applications as well as a review of potential problems encountered with such test instruments and how to overcome or avoid these difficulties. 

Most Common Types of Probes There are three most common types of corrosion monitoring probes used. Other types of probes are used, but in smaller numbers. 

For metal Bialecki rings, however, the experimentaUy derived form factors (pp,exp were marginaUy smaUer than the calculated values, as the proportion of the triangular cut- 

In the case of modern, lattice-type packings, such as Hiflow, Nor-Pac, VSP rings, PSL rings, R-Pac and Mc-Pac, the concurrence between the calculated values and the experimentally derived form factors cpp exp was also found to be satisfactory, as illustrated by the numerical example. 

These findings can be explained by looking at the results of the pressure drop investigations for 30 mm metal Glitsch Pall rings, acc. to Fig. 3-13, which are referred to in Table 6-la as 30 mm without collars (oK) and with collars (mK). 

This was confirmed by studies using CMR Glitsch rings, where the effective form factor cpp,exp = 0.437 exceeded the calculated value (pp,calc = 0.223 approximately by a factor of 2 [34, 35]. 

The same result was obtained by comparing the calculated and experimental form factors for small 15 mm Hiflow rings and 18 mm Ralu rings made of plastic, which also had collars. 

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Evaluation of results of those photos gives radiation source dimensions with area no more than Imm what defines high contrast of roentgen photos of flaw detected objeets. 

Evaluation of results (new setting of amplitude threshold in 2 dB steps over the entire dynamic range +/- 12 dB, distance measurement in top and side view)... 

Evaluation of Results After the specimens have been reweighed, they should be examined carefully. LocaHzed attack such as pits, crevice corrosion, stress-acceleratedcorrosion, crackiug, or intergranular corrosion should be measured for depth and area affected. 

The principle of insignificancy , enabling use of the given principle for any level of probability is substantiated. The systematic application of the given principle results in developing metrological criteria for pharmaceutical reference substance, analytical validation, evaluation of results of interlaboratory testing and suitability of the analytical equipment for the phamiaceutical analysis. 

Specification for electroplated coatings of 65/35 tin/nickel alloy Method for the evaluation of results of accelerated corrosion tests on metallic coatings Methods of test for paints Cross-cut test Pull-off test for adhesion Resistance to artificial weathering (enclosed carbon arc) and Addendum No. 1 Resistance to continuous salt spray Notes for guidance on the conduct of natural weathering test... 

Methods are described for determining the extent to which original natural color is preserved in processing and subsequent storage of foods. Color differences may be evaluated indirectly in terms of some physical characteristic of the sample or extracted fraction thereof that is largely responsible for the color characteristics. For evaluation more directly in terms of what the observer actually sees, color differences are measured by reflectance spectrophotometry and photoelectric colorimetry and expressed as differences in psychophysical indexes such as luminous reflectance and chromaticity. The reflectance spectro-photometric method provides time-constant records in research investigation on foods, while photoelectric colorimeters and reflectometers may prove useful in industrial color applications. Psychophysical notation may be converted by standard methods to the colorimetrically more descriptive terms of Munsell hue, value, and chroma. Here color charts are useful for a direct evaluation of results. 

Our research design, shown in Fig. 13.1, followed the typical action research cycle as proposed by Ferrance (2000) which involves the following five phases (1) Identification of problem area, (2) Collection and organisation of data, (3) Interpretation of data, (4) Action based on data and (5) Refiection and evaluation of results. Finally, the results are used in a new cycle of research. 

Photographic documentation permits the evaluation of results and programming of future procedures. 

Evaluation of results and modeling (used for both technical, legal and environmental purposes). 

The authors have aimed at developing the necessary background to understand the inherent advantages, as well as the limitations and characteristic difficulties, of this technique. Detailed critical evaluation of results of past investigations has been provided for the most important flow situations and geometries. 

The evaluation of results of assay optimization experiments such as those described above (see Section 6.4.2.1) also provides valuable information about enzymatic kinetic behavior. For example, the results shown in Figures 6.45 and 6.46 already provide information on enzymatic activity at each time point. In general, when evaluating enzyme kinetics, assays are designed to yield a measured conversion close to initial velocity.32... 

It is not intended to discuss the details of the various methods of thermochemical measurement and the evaluation of results. This has been done in authoritative articles by Skinner1 and by Pilcher2) which have appeared recently, and which deal specifically with the thermochemistry of organometallic compounds. Instead this article will survey the results which may be derived from the information which is available and relate them to features of metal carbonyl chemistry in particular. 

Evaluation of Results. At least two independent assays are carried out for each test article. The criterion for positive response is a reproducible and statistically significant result at any concentration for any strain. When positive results are obtained, the test is repeated, using the strain(s) and concentration range with which the initial positive results were observed. This range may be quite narrow for toxic agents. 

Russell, L.B. (1984). Procedures and evaluation of results of the mouse spot test. In Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures (Kilbey, B.J., Legator, M., Nichols, W. and Ramel, C., Eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 393 403. 

The analysis of rank data, what is generally called nonparametric statistical analysis, is an exact parallel of the more traditional (and familiar) parametric methods. There are methods for the single comparison case (just as Student s t-test is used) and for the multiple comparison case (just as analysis of variance is used) with appropriate post hoc tests for exact identification of the significance with a set of groups. Four tests are presented for evaluating statistical significance in rank data the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, distribution-free multiple comparisons, Mann-Whitney U Test, and the Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance. For each of these tests, tables of distribution values for the evaluations of results can be found in any of a number of reference volumes (Gad, 1998). 

Various nanoporous AAO membranes have been obtained by varying different parameters such as applied voltage, temperature of electrolyte, electrolytic concentration and speed of rotation of electrolyte in two step anodization process. SEM analysis performed for evaluation of results. The relationship between pore size and variation of different parameters obtained. The synthesized membranes have been used as template for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes of different nano dimensions. 

To demonstrate the use of binary substructure descriptors and Tanimoto indices for cluster analysis of chemical structures we consider the 20 standard amino acids (Figure 6.3) and characterize each molecular structure by eight binary variables describing presence/absence of eight substructures (Figure 6.4). Note that in most practical applications—for instance, evaluation of results from searches in structure databases—more diverse molecular structures have to be handled and usually several hundred different substructures are considered. Table 6.1 contains the binary substructure descriptors (variables) with value 0 if the substructure is absent and 1 if the substructure is present in the amino acid these numbers form the A-matrix. Binary substructure descriptors have been calculated by the software SubMat (Scsibrany and Varmuza 2004), which requires as input the molecular structures in one file and the substructures in another file, all structures are in Molfile format (Gasteiger and Engel 2003) output is an ASCII file with the binary descriptors. 

Other practices which tend to underestimate the true detection limits and add confusion to the uniform evaluation of results by the public include varied (or no) treatment of interference, avoidance of systematic error bound estimation, and consideration of Poisson counting errors only. A further problem which has emerged with the prevalence of microprocessors and proprietary computer software, is the effect of hidden algorithms and inaccessible source code, so that data evaluation operations (Op) are not known to the user, and possible source code deficiences and blunders cannot be readily assessed. 

C. EXPERTISE INCLUDES DATA PREPROCESSING AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS... 

Study by Ministry of Social Affairs of the State of Hesse Status report and future of ASCA - Evaluation of results of 670 corporate studies on the organisation of occupational health and safety and implementation of occupational health and safety regulations Wiesbaden, 2000... 

Duncan W. An evaluation of results of neutron therapy trials. Acta Oncologica 1994 33 299-306. 

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