European pesticides

L. Alder, G. Kempe, and P. Baumann, Need of Matrix Matched Standards-Conclusion from a German Ring Test, Presented at 3rd European Pesticide Residue Workshop, York, UK, July 3-5, 2000. 

H. Diserens and M. Henzehn, Poster presented at the 1 st European Pesticide Residue Workshop, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (1996). 

Thomas, M.R. (1996) Pesticide usage surveys - towards a more efficient residue analysis. Proceedings of the 1st European Pesticide Residue Workshop, Alkmaar, The Netherlands, June (1996), pp 0-015, Inspectorate for Health Protection/Food Inspection Service, Alkmaar, The Netherlands. 

European Pesticide Residues Workshop, 12 K. MaStovska, S. J. Lehotay,... 

Stajnbaher, D. (2002) Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) approach for the determination of pesticide residues. 4th European Pesticide Residue Workshop in Rome, Italy May 28-31, 2002. 

Under current regulations, chemicals allowed for use in various European countries (Table 3) are either fully Hcensed for aquacultural use (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid) or can be prescribed by veterinarians if they are Hcensed for use on other food animals (14—16). In addition, previously unHcensed chemicals that are appHed to the water (topicals) may now be used under a grandfather clause if no one questions their safety. The question of whether a chemical is a medicine or a pesticide has also been addressed. Eor example, dichlorvos (Nuvan 500 EC) was initially designated as a pesticide in the United Kingdom, but was later categorized as a medicine. A similar product, trichlorfon (Masoten), was treated the same way in the United States. 

Bentazone has been monitored in the NRA Anglian Region since 1993 and the results show that bentazone is regularly present in surface and groundwaters. Currently there are no restrictions on its use, but bentazone is due to be reviewed under the Authorizations Directive, the new European legislation for pesticide approvals, and the issue of water pollution will be raised. 

European Union. 1996. "Best Available Technology Notes on Various Pesticides Manufacturing Processes." Brussels. 

A cadre of analytical agricultural chemists specializing in pesticide residue analysis emerged at a few North American, European and Japanese Universities, regulatory... 

Owing to the complexity of multi-residue methods for products of animal origin, it is not possible to outline a simple scheme however, readers should refer to methods described in two references for detailed guidance (Analytical Methods for Pesticides in Foodstuffs, Dutch method collection and European Norm EN 1528. ) There is no multi-method specifically designed for body fluids and tissues. The latter matrix can be partly covered by methods for products of animal origin. However, an approach published by Frenzel et al may be helpful (method principle whole blood is hemolyzed and then deproteinized. After extraction of the supernatant, the a.i. is determined by GC/MS. The LOQ is in the range 30-200 ag depending on the a.i.). 

European Norm (EN) 1528, Fatty Food - Determination of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). European Committee for Standardization Beuth Verlag, Berlin (1997). 

Until 1991, manufacturers seeking authorizations for pesticides had to fulfil country-specific requirements of validation of enforcement methods. The term enforcement method means analytical methods which are developed for post-registration control and monitoring purposes. The harmonization of these requirements was initiated with the European Economic Community (EEC) Council Directive 91/414/EEC and temporarily finalized with the Guidance Document on Residue Analytical Methods SANCO/825/00 rev. 6, dated 20 June 2000 [Santd et Protection des Consommateurs (SANCO)]. The evaluation of validation studies by the competent authority is conducted by comparison of these European Union (EU) requirements with the study results and most often without any practical experience of the method. Some details of this evaluation are discussed below. 

S.L. Reynolds, R. Fussel, M. Caldow, R. James, S. Nawaz, C. Ebden, D. Pendhngton, T. Stijve, and H. Desirens, Intercomparison Study of Two Multi-residue Methods for the Enforcement of EU MRLs for Pesticides in Fruit, Vegetables and Grain, European Commission, BCR Information, Chemical Analysis Contract No. SMT4-CT-95-2030 Reports EUR 17870EN (1997), EUR 18639 EN (1998), EUR 19306 EN (2000) and EUR 19443 EN, European Commission, Brussels (2001). 

Agriculture within the European region is diverse and can best be described by its diversity of crops, from the vineyards of France, to rice in Italy, and to the large expanse of glasshouses in The Netherlands. All of these situations require the use of approved pesticides to enable these crops to grow healthily in their situations. 

Field residue data, which are generated to meet requirements in the pesticide registration process, are used to regulate the use of agriculture products within the European Union (EU). This article examines the best practices to conduct crop field trials and to generate crop residue samples in Europe in order to provide part of the data that the agrochemical producers of the active ingredients must provide to the EU Commission. 

Europe is divided into two zones for the purpose of registration of new plant protection products within its community. The trial location should fall within these two distinct zones, namely the Northern and Central European Zone and the Southern European and Mediterranean zone. The climatic conditions and weather influences within each of the two regions described are assumed to be comparable. However, trial data should be representative of the areas where pesticide use is to be granted. 

M. Fielding, D. Barcelo, A. Helweg, S. Galassi, L. Torstenson, P. van Zoonen, R. Wolter, and G. Angeletti, in Pesticides in Ground and Drinking Water (Water Pollution Research Report 27), Commission of the European Communities, Bmssels, pp. 1-136 (1992). 

For example, in order to meet the demanding requirements of legislation such as the European Union (EU) Baby Food Directive (Directive 95/5/EC and subsequent revisions), analysts must improve on the scope and sensitivity of multiresidue methods of analysis. This Baby Food Directive, which became effective on 1 July 2002, limits residues of all pesticides to a maximum level of 0.01 mgkg There will also be a banned list of pesticides, annexed to the Directive, which will not permit the use of certain pesticides on crops intended for use in baby food production. As a consequence, food manufacturers often require residue results for raw or primary ingredients within 24 8 h of sample receipt at the laboratory. 

Multi-residue Method S19 of the DFG Manual,including Cieanup Procedure Xll-6 (gel-chromatographic cleanup), has been used successfully in many laboratories because of its broad applicability for the gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues in foodstuffs. DFG method S19 is also included in the respective European Standards. Subsequently, a modification of the extraction and partition step has been implemented. The modified method requires less experimental effort and eliminates the use of dichloromethane, which is an undesirable solvent for toxicological and ecological reasons. As the results from validation studies demonstrate,... 

The European drinking water guidelines set a maximum admissible concentration of 0.10 pgL for individual pesticides and their related compounds in drinking water. The recommended methods for oxime carbamates and their metabolites in groundwater and surface water are suitable for detection limits below 0.10 pgL. The first method is the HPLC/lluorescence multiresidue method of de Kok et al The second method is an HPLC/MS/MS method of DuPont Crop Protection which is specific for oxamyl and may be applicable for the analysis of other oxime carbamates in heavily polluted waters. 

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