Europe products

Liquid- and vapor-phase processes have been described the latter appear to be advantageous. Supported cadmium, zinc, or mercury salts are used as catalysts. In 1963 it was estimated that 85% of U.S. vinyl acetate capacity was based on acetylene, but it has been completely replaced since about 1982 by newer technology using oxidative addition of acetic acid to ethylene (2) (see Vinyl polymers). In western Europe production of vinyl acetate from acetylene stiU remains a significant commercial route. 

Chemical Uses. In Europe, products such as ethylene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, butadiene, and isoprene have been manufactured from acetylene at one time. Wartime shortages or raw material restrictions were the basis for the choice of process. Coking coal was readily available in Europe and acetylene was easily accessible via calcium carbide. 

Eastern Europe. Production of acetylene in Eastern Europe is dominated by the capacity of states of the former Soviet Union. In 1990, production from Eastern Europe amounted to between 530,000 and 535, 000 t/yr, with 51% provided by the states of the former Soviet Union. Of the balance, Poland with 23% and Rumania with 17% are the main producers. Table 15 indicates the capacity levels of each of the countries of Eastern Europe. 

P.R.18, a positional isomer of P.R.114, is currently unavailable in Europe. Production abroad, especially in Japan and Central America, is limited. P.R.18 produces shades of maroon, with properties that parallel those of other members of its class with somewhat poorer fastness levels. The pigment is registered in the USA as D C Red No. 38. 

Kozlowska, J. 1989. The use of flax seed for food purposes. In Flax in Europe Production and Processing. Proceedings of the European Regional Workshop on Flax (R. Kozlowska, ed.), Poznan, Poland. 

World demand for nitric acid will continue to be largely dependent upon demand for solid ammonium nitrate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer solutions that incorporate ammonium nitrate. Since the early 1980 s, urea has been displacing ammonia nitrate as a fertilizer. The resulting reduction in demand for nitric acid has been partially offset by the increased use of ammonium nitrate in explosives and by the growth in production of polyurethane foams and nylon-6,6. World nitric acid production declined by about 5% between 1987 and 1999, but it is projected to increase marginally by 2005. The declines occurred mainly in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Production increases occurred mainly in the United States and Africa91,104. Nitric Acid production in the United States is listed in Table 9.11. 

Products and Uses The roots and flowers of plants in the aster family. Considered by some to be an immunity booster and effective head cold treatment. Native Americans used it for more medicines than any other plant. Some controlled trials suggest that it can increase resistance to upper respiratory infections. It is thought to increase white blood cells however, continued use decreases effectiveness. Commonly prescribed in the U.S. by physicians in the early 1900s. Today it is very frequently utilized in Europe. Products include tablets, liquids, and capsules. 

ColorMatrix Europe supply additive and colorant masterbatch for use in the manufacture of polymeric materials and articles intended for various applications such as food contact packaging, and toys. ColorMatrix Europe products may be manufactured at different manufacturing locations (USA, Europe, and Asia). The Global regulatory department based within Europe keeps an inventory of raw materials used across all global locations and manages supplier information, chemistry information and so on. ColorMatrix Europe s global inventory contains hundreds of raw materials however the majority of these are classified as non hazardous. 

There are four major rapeseed producing areas, namely, Canada, China, Europe and the Indian subcontinent. Total world production of rapeseed increased by about 4,089,000 tonnes or 57% over the 1971-1981 period as shown in Table IV. The increased world production is mainly due to very large increases in China and Canada, which more than doubled over the 1971-1980 period. However, while China s production was maintained in 1981, Canada s crop dropped by 27% (900,000 tonnes), for reasons given above. In Europe, production by the four major producers, France, East Germany, West Germany, and Poland has increased steadily by some 811,000 tonnes from 1971 to 1981, an improvement of 53%. The fairly substantial increase in 1981 is chiefly due to the recent doubling of the French crop, as a result of the availability of new low erucic acid rapeseed varieties, and favorable market conditions. 

Table 18.3.2. Types of paints and varnishes mainly used in Europe - product groups, important compounds, applications (after references 2,5,11,23,25)...

Table 5.4. Recovered sulfur - Western Europe production ( 000 tonnes)...

Markets have developed very differently in different regions. In Europe, products aimed at improving gut health, particularly those containing probiotics, dominate the market. In the USA, there is much wider interest in anti-cancer products and the use of botanicals, while gut health products remain relatively undeveloped. The greater use of dietary supplements in the USA has also influenced market development, with increasing numbers of products being launched that straddle the line between dietary supplements and food products. 

WaxUke ester lubricants are synthesized by esterification of montanic acid. A typical product is ethylene dimontanate, generally referred to as montanic acid ester. In the United States, this lubricant is used mainly in clear rigid PVC in high-end applications, in competition with pentaerythritol adipate-stearate. In these uses, it is known for high resistance to plateout. In Western Europe, products... 

The USA produced 1.6 million t xylenes [3] and 2 million t ethyl benzene/styrene [36] in 1970, and 2.9 million t xylenes and 3.8 million t ethylbenzene in 1978 [30 a]. The FRG produced 219,000 t xylenes [3] and some 300,000 t ethyl benzene/styrene [36] in 1970. For western Europe, production of these raw materials in 1980 is expected to be three times the 1970 figure [3]. In the USA in 1978, 0.5 million t o-xylene and 1.6 million t p-xylene were produced individually. The capacities in the European Community in 1980 were 0.6 million t o-xylene and 0.8 million t p-xylene [30 a]. Accordingly, world production of Cg-aromatics will probably amount to about 20 million t. However - as already mentioned - an additional 40 million t are consumed annually as a constituent of motor fuel. 

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