RESTRICTED MATERIAL

Many flammable gases and solvents commonly used for instrument calibration or as sorbent media are prohibited from transportation on common carriers by Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations (8). The industrial hygienist should review the equipment inventory for each survey to ensure against potential conflicts with DOT regulations. Express parcel carriers and even commercial airlines can occasionally transport normally restricted materials if prior arrangements are made. Items that are restricted can be transported by some other means or procured at the scene. 

In Canada, there is no accepted medical use for PMA, and it is classified by the Food and Drugs Act as a restricted material. Illicit possession of this drug for a first-time offender carries a penalty of 1,000 in fines and up to a six-month prison sentence. Succeeding offenses are given double the fine and sentence. Conviction by indictment can secure a fine of 5,000 and a three-year prison sentence. PMA drug trafficking and possession of PMA for trafficking purposes may confer a prison sentence of up to 10 years. 

The reason for these Guidelines lies in the "quenching" phenomenon the sensitizing potential of these materials is absent in the presence of their companion materials. The proportions given are by weight and indicate the maximum proportion of the restricted material in the mixture. 

Zinc azide Zn(N3)2 silver, and copper in contact with acids or the corresponding salts of these metals, respectively DOT restricted material. Label Class A Explosive and Poison UN 0224 (when containing less than 50% water) Flammable Solid and Poison, UN 1571 (when containing 50% or more water) Colorless crystalline solid explodes easily highly... 

Caution should be exercised in comparing the dermal exposure values found in these studies with other studies. These dermal exposure levels are as much as one-tenth of the amount found for other similar applications of similar pesticides outside of California. All persons were working in accord with California Worker Safety and Restricted Materials Regulations and all applications were made by trained employees of California Pest Control Operators. All of these formulations studied were California Restricted Pesticides and almost all were toxicity Category I liquids which are required to be mixed and loaded through closed systems. All workers put on clean outer clothes daily and all wore impervious gloves when contact with the concentrate was a possibility. On the other hand, caution was exercised to avoid special training, extra instructions or excessive observation because the employers and employees had been instructed to apply the pesticides in the usual manner. 

The European Union has taken the lead in restricting the use of some hazardous materials in the manufacture of electrical and electronic hardware. The program, referred to as Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), applies to all electrical and electronic products produced in Europe and products imported from other countries, thus has very broad application. The regulations put into force on July 1, 2006, apply to lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium (Cr ), poly-brominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). The RoHS guideline document specifies 0.1% or 1,000 ppm as the maximum amount permitted for lead, mercury, Cr" " , PBB, and PBDE and 0.01% or 100 ppm for cadmium. The document also describes guidelines for sample preparation and analyses of the restricted materials. 

Besides the problem of type purity, the same problems apply as to other technical plastics, i.e., procurement of material flow volumes that have to fit the biU as to place, time, and costs. Aging processes and permeation of additives within the polymer material restrict material recycling of technical mbber components to very few special cases. 

The second piece of legislation has the biggest impact on the electronics industry. The RoHS directive makes it illegal to manufacture or import into the member states of the EU any electrical or electronic equipment that contains restricted materials—materials that have been the... 

Of those elements that can combine to form solders, several have limitations that restrict their practical implementation for solder use (see Table 45.2). Gallium, gold, indium, platinum, and palladium cannot be mined or refined in sufficient quantity to satisfy the needs of the electronics industry and are prohibitively expensive, blocking their consideration as a major constituent of a worldwide solder supply. The Bismuth (Bi) supply, a by-product of lead refining, would be marginally sufficient. Mercury and antimony are too toxic. Both mercury and Pb are already on the EU s RoHS list of restricted materials. Galhum and mercury possess too low a melting point to be used on their own. This leaves five metals for practical solder alloy consideration bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). Due to... 

Legislation requires products to he compliant by July 1, 2006, limiting the use of the restricted materials in new electrical and electronic equipment. Any new product brought to market must be compliant however, repair parts, rebuilt equipment and inventories that were marketed prior to the July deadline are exempt from these restrictions. Similar legislation will go into effect in California in January 2007. For PCB manufacturers, replacing lead solder alloys is creating a number of process changes and adjustments. 

---