Europe potato starch production

All d. have retained the - starch granule shape in the dry state. Their solubility in cold water as well as viscosity in solution largely depend on the mode of preparation.Viscosity is additionally used for classification. All commercial starches may be applied for production of d., provided the content of crude protein is minimum. In Europe, - potato starch, in the USA, - corn starch are mostly used. 

Potato tuber protein complement is of interest to the potato starch industry, because high quantities of proteins can be purified from the potato juice by-product. Thus a number of studies on potato tuber proteins have been performed on cultivars grown for industrial starch production, such as Elkana in The Netherlands and Kuras in Northern Europe. A few studies have been performed on, e g., cvs Desiree and Bintje, which are commonly used for human consumption in Europe. The soluble proteins of potato tuber have been classified broadly into three groups patatins, protease inhibitors, and other proteins (Pots et al., 1999). Patatins and protease inhibitors are well characterized, whereas quite limited information has been available about the other major proteins. 

Outside of the use of cellulose for papermaking, starch is the most widely used plant-derived carbohydrate for non-food uses. Around 60 million tonnes of raw starch are produced per year for food and non-food uses. The US accounts for most of the world s production, utilising starch from maize, which accounts for over 80% of world production. The starch market in the US is driven by the large isoglucose sweetener market and now increasingly by the growing bioethanol market, which uses maize as a fermentation feedstock. Europe derives most of its starch from wheat and potatoes, which account for 8% and 5% of world starch production, respectively. The other main source of starch is cassava (tapioca), produced in South East Asia. Small amounts of oat, barley and rice are also exploited for starch production. Many edible beans are also rich in starches, but are not commonly exploited for non-food uses. 

For effective production of potato starch, potatoes should contain as much starch as possible. Therefore, in modem potato starch factories in Europe, only special species of industrial potatoes are used. These potatoes are not very tasty due to the high amount of starch and, therefore, are not consumed as food. The potatoes are harvested and processed in Europe between August and April this period is referred to as the starch campaign. 

The industrial use of rye starch is limited. Industrial production of rye starch was carried out during World War II, but as soon as the supply of wheat, maize and potato starches returned to normal production ceased.2 Rye flour is a difficult raw material from which to isolate starch, because of its high pentosan content and the poor gluten-forming ability of the proteins. It has, therefore, been suggested that the whole rye kernel, and not the isolated starch, should be used in industrial applications (e.g. production of insulating and plastic material).3 Rye is also a problematic raw material because of the variation in the climatic conditions in northeastern Europe,... 

Starch can be found typically in corn and potatoes. Corn is a preferred raw material to make ethanol in the Midwest region of USA, and in some parts of Europe. The crop productivity in modern farming is about 8-10 t/ha. The yield of converting corn to ethanol is 2.5 (wet milling) to 2.8 (dry milling) gallon per bushel corn (equivalent with 24.4kg), which results in a yield of 0.4171/kg, or 34001/ha. [11],... 

The main industrial starch productions are based primarily on four resources maize (76%), cassava (12%), wheat (7%) and potatoes (4%). Other forms of starch represent less than 1%. The main production zones are North America (33%), China (33%), Europe (18%), South Asia (11%) and South America (5%). The following set North America, China and Europe represent in total 85% of worldwide starch production. However, those three only correspond to around one-third of the world s population. 

Biorefining is not a new activity production of vegetable oils, beer and wine requiring pretreatment, separation and conversion techniques developed thousands of years ago, and a Chinese official started paper production around AD 100. Industrial biorefining was initiated by the introduction of steam-driven paper machines in the nineteenth century. Most innovations are, however, related to developments in food production crystalline sugar, potato starch (early and mid-nineteenth century), wheat and corn starch (early twentieth century) and, recently, soy oil, proteins, and vitamins. Industrial processing techniques, developed in Europe and North America, are applied worldwide and serve as examples of biorefining evolvement. Some are discussed here. 

The annual world production of potato starch (1999) amounts to 3.15x10 mt of the world starch production of 45 x 10. mt The seasonal character and the geographical location in Europe restrict the prospects of growth. Nevertheless, the unique - starch properties and composition, as well as better environmental performance of manufacture, are responsible for the growth to 1.8 x 10 mt in 1999 in the EU ( from 9 x 10 mt potatoes)... 

Starches as a group, and the three principal volume starches, individually, are by far the most important polysacolloids on both a weight and a money basis. They are also the cheapest polysaccharides in most areas of the world, the major exception being the Orient, where starch crops are more valuable as food and so are replaced, in other usages, by less easily assimilated polysacolloids. Com (maize) is the most important starch crop in this country (accounting for over 90 % of the total production of starch), followed by potatoes and wheat whereas, in Europe, the production of potato and wheat starch far exceeds that of corn. 

The following characterization of starch crops describes maize, potatoes, wheat, and other cereals in more detail. Another significant source for starch is rice. However, cultivation is both technically and traditionally concentrated in Asia, so rice is mainly imported into Europe as food and so far does not play a role as renewable raw material (for rice straw, see Section 4.2.2.4). Table 4.3 gives an overview for selected starch crops in terms of characteristics and production statistics. 

Glucose Glucose, commercial name dextrose, in the aldohexose form a-o-glucose [CsHizO ), is the major product from starch hydrolyzed by acid and/or enzymes. The major starch source in the USA and Japan is corn Zea mays) and in Europe, wheat and potato. There is some starch and starch hydrolyzate production from cassava in the tropics. Glucose is sold as anhydrous dextrose more commonly as dextrose monohydrate, as glucose syrup or corn syrup. 

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