Europe industrialization

H. Roper, Renewable raw materials in Europe-Industrial utilisation of starch and sugar, Starch/Starke, 54 (2002) 89-99. 

In Europe, industry has pressed for harmonised EU contols on recycling since the early 1990s. However, till now no such recycling directive exists, which means that the individual Member States of the European Union are responsible for any laws within their territories. Eor PET bottles, multilayer... 

In Europe, industrial applicability is required. This means, for example, that methods of medical treatment or diagnosis performed on a human or an animal are not susceptible to industrial application. Nevertheless, substances that are useful in these methods are patentable. 

NatoroffBL (1998) Clinical Trials in Central/Eastern Europe Industry Viewpoint. Drug Inf J 32 129-33. 

Rokkjae, O., Norgaard, B., Jensson, P., Schinner, H.-D., Appold, W., Byrne, T, Nolan, D., Polman, T, Schut, A., Bayard, O. and Areskoug, M. (2011). Industrial Engineering Standards in Europe - industry needs versus education. In WEE2011, Eds.J. Bernardino and J. C. Quadrado. Lisbon, Portugal, 27-30 September. 

In Europe restructuring also involved interfirm agreements. Such agreements played a critical role in the restructuring of the PVC market. " In addition, in Europe, industry associations fulfilled an important function. 

Koppers Acetylated Wood. New Materials Technical Information No. (RDW-400), E-106 (1961) Kozlowski R (1997) The potential of natural fibres in Europe. Industrial applications lignocellulosic— Plastics Composites Sao Paulo... 

In North America, vehicle production fell by over 40%, from a high of 15 million units in 2007 to a low of 8.6 million units in 2009. In Europe, industry production also declined by over 20%, from 20.2 million units in 2007 to 15.6 million units in 2009. 

In Europe, industrialized systems for confined masonry have been developed, namely, in Spain and Portugal, which allow for a modular design (e.g., Lourengo et al. 2008). An important aspect in the case of confined masonry is the formation of thermal bridges due to masonry discontinuity. 

In Europe and elsewhere in the world, the trend towards reformulated gasoline has scarcely begun it is very likely, however, that it will be felt around the beginning of 2000, with more or less profound impact on the refining industry. 

In 1991 a new independent state - Ukraine, appeared on the map of Europe. Before describing the state of affairs in non-destruetive testing (NDT) of items and eonstructions in our eountry, we would like briefly to present the industry of Ukraine and its potential. 

In the coal-mining industry, more than 300 mines are operated in three coal-mining regions Ukraine produces only 5 5 million tons of its own oil, but the ramified network of oil pipelines supports the operation of 10 petroleum plants. The Ukrainian gas pipelines transport the Russian gas to Central and Western Europe. 

Economic Aspects. There were 31 OSB plants in the United States in 1994 and these produced 6.625 x 10 m of OSB products (2). This industry is growing rapidly in both Canada and the United States. In fact, many of the composite mills currently under constmction are designed to produce OSB or similar products based on strands. Outside of North America, where building practices are not yet extensively utilizing the distinct advantages of the stud wall and plywood/OSB sheathing, there are only a few operating OSB plants. There are also small export markets for OSB products in Europe and the Far East. 

The largest production of acrylamide is in Japan the United States and Europe also have large production faciUties. Some production is carried out in the Eastern Bloc countries, but details concerning quantities or processes are difficult to obtain. The principal producers in North America are The Dow Chemical Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Nalco Chemical Company (internal use) Dow sells only aqueous product and American Cyanamid sells both Hquid and sohd monomer. In Europe, Chemische Eabrik Stockhausen Cie, Ahied CoUoids, The Dow Chemical Company, and Cyanamid BV are producers Dow and American Cyanamid are the only suppHers to the merchant market, and crystalline monomer is available from American Cyanamid. Eor Japan, producers are Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsui Toatsu, and Nitto Chemical Industries Company (captive market). Crystals and solutions are available from Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi, whereas only solution monomer is available from Nitto. 

In most of the rest of the world the olefins industry was originally based on naphtha feedstocks. Naphtha is the dominant olefins feedstock in Europe and Asia. In the middle 1980s several large olefins complexes were budt outside of the United States based on gas Hquids feedstocks, most notable in western Canada, Saudi Arabia, and Scotiand. In each case the driving force was the production of natural gas, perhaps associated with cmde oil production, which was in excess of energy demands. 

Approximately 2.5 million t of viscose process regenerated ceUulose fibers were produced in 1990 (Table 1). Measured by production capacity in 1990, the leading producers of filament yams in 1990 were the Soviet Union state-owned factories (255,000 t capacity) and Akzo Fibres in Europe (100,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were Courtaulds with 180,000 t capacity spUt between the UK and North America Formosa Chemicals and Fibres Co. with 150,000 t in Taiwan Tenzing with 125,000 t in Austria, and a 40% stake in South Pacific Viscose s 37,000 t Indonesian plant and Grasim Industries in India (125,000 t). BASF s U.S. capacity of 50,000 t was acquired by Tenzing in 1992. 

Gasoline composition may also be regulated in Europe. A tripartite initiative is being carried out among the European Commission, the oil industry, and the automotive industry. Based on an analysis of the required improvements in air quaUty, new regulations are to be written that control vehicle emissions and fuel composition into the twenty-first century. 

Data-Star. This is Europe s leading on-line database service (39) and covers worldwide business news, financial information, market research, trade statistics, business analysis, healthcare / pharmaceuticals, chemicals / petrochemicals, chemical industry, biomedicine /life science, biotechnology, and technology, with an emphasis on Europe. It was originally formed as a joint venture among BRS, Predicasts, and Radio Suisse (the Swiss telecommunications company) (37). Data-Star offers access to about 300 bibliographic, abstract, directory, and fuU-text on-line databases, of which approximately 150 are also available on Dialog (40). 

The world ink industry had total sales estimated to be about 10.5 biUion in 1992. The United States had about 32% (by weight) of world sales with the remaining portion spHt between Asia and Europe/Africa. Japan has about 22% market share, Germany has 10%, and the U.K., Italy, and Erance each have 5%. The remaining share is spHt among many other countries. 

The demand for DRI varies depending on local market conditions. In industrialized countries, DRI primarily is used as a supplement to scrap for controlling residual elements in electric arc furnace steelmaking. In regions where scrap is scarce, DRI is used as a replacement in production of all grades of steel. In 1993, Latin America produced 9.4 X 10 t (39.3%) of the world s DRI. Middle East/North Africa produced 6.1 X 10 t (25.6%), Asia/Oceania produced 4.4 X 10 t (18.4%), and CIS/Eastem Europe produced 1.7 x 10 t (7.1%). North America produced 1.2 x 10 t (5.0%) Africa, 0.9 x 10 t (3.8%) and Western Europe, 0.2 x 10 t (0.8%) (1). Nearly 79% of the DRI produced is consumed in steel mills adjacent to the DR plants called captive plants. Plants which are designed to sell and ship DRI on the open market are called merchant plants. 

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