Europe and International

In Germany, deflagration and detonation flame arresters are tested and approved by the German Federal Physical-Technical Institnte (PTB) in Brannschweig and the German Federal Institnte for Material Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin. However, once the new Enropean Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard is approved, it will supersede the PTB and BAM procedures. 

A new CEN Enropean standard, EN 12874, was issued in 2001. It will be nsed by all Enropean nations that belong to the Enropean Union (EU), as well as other non-EU nations that are members of the CEN. This is a very comprehensive standard covering many aspects of flame arrester technology, indnding specific requirements for the following  

Flame transmission test procedures for deflagration, detonation, and bnrning tests are discussed in all of the above sections. 

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) published a standard in 1984 for the design, testing and locating of deflagration and detonation flame arresters and high velocity vent valves for cargo tanks in tanker ships (IMO 1984). This was amended in 1988 and reissued as Revision I (IMO 1988). A new revised standard was issued in 1994 (IMO 1994). 

The primary concern abont hazardons processes is that they be operated in a safe manner so that fires, deflagrations, detonations, and releases of flammable and toxic gases into the atmosphere or inside process bnildings are eliminated or minimized. Also of great concern from an environmental standpoint is the control and minimization of volatile organic componnd (VOC) emissions from process vents and fugitive sources. 

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The aerodynamic particle diameter determines the fate of particles in the respiratory system. Coarse particles are deposited in the nose and nasopharynx. Smaller particles that pass the upper airway can be deposited in the bronchial region and lower airway. A size-selective deposition model and sampling of particles has been standardized both in Europe and internationally. The... 

The Small-Format Alkaline Battery Market in the USA and Europe, and Internationally... 

In Europe, and internationally, new approaches to chemicals management policies have emerged, which will require basic data on all chemicals in commerce, rapid evaluation of chemical risks, information on risks throughout chemical life-cycles, and substitution of those substances of highest concern. The new European chemicals policy will likely set the standard for chemicals management, affecting all manufacturers, globally. 

A transaction will be called intra-regional if the acquirer and target firms belong to the same region (e.g. Western Europe), and international or cross-border if the firms involved originate in two distinct regions. 

The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

Additionally, two other reactors, the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) for which the location is under negotiation, and the Tokamak Physics Experiment at PPPL, Princeton, New Jersey, are proposed. The most impressive advances have been obtained on the three biggest tokamaks, TETR, JET, andJT-60, which are located in the United States, Europe, and Japan, respectively. As of this writing fusion energy development in the United States is dependent on federal binding (10—12). 

The World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) has been formed, consisting of nuclear plant operators over the entire world who have pledged to assist each other in the achievement of safe operations (25). There are four centers from which this international program is adrninistered one in the United States in Atlanta, Georgia, operated by INPO one in Paris operated by Electricitir de Prance one in Moscow operated by the Ministry of Nuclear Power and one in Tokyo operated by the Central Research Institute for the Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI). Through this mechanism, teams of operators from the U.S., Western Europe, and Asia visit CIS plants to share safety experience and know-how, and similarly, plant personnel from Russian and Eastern European nuclear units visit European, Asian, and U.S. plants. 

The U.S. titanium market distribution is shown in Table 18. Before 1970, more than 90% of the titanium produced was used for aerospace, which feU to ca 70—80% by 1982. Mihtary use has continually decreased from nearly 100% in the early 1950s to 20% in the 1990s. In contrast to the United States, aerospace uses in Western Europe and Japan account for only 40—50% of the demand (58). The CIS s consumption of titanium metal prior to the breakup was about one-half of the world consumption. In the 1980s, considerable amounts were used for submarine constmction. Since the breakup of the former Soviet Union, the internal consumption of titanium in the CIS is beheved to be a modest fraction of its former capacity, thus leaving a large capacity available for export. The world production faciUties for titanium metal and extraction are given in Table 19. 

Another method iavolves an electric-arc vaporizer which is >2000° C before burning (25,32). One of the features of the process is a rapid quench of the hot gas flow to yield very fine oxide particles (<0.15 nm). This product is quite reactive and imparts accelerated cure rates to mbber. Internally fired rotary kilns are used extensively ia Canada and Europe and, to a limited extent, ia the United States (24). The burning occurs ia the kiln and the heat is sufficient to melt and vaporize the ziac. Because of the lower temperatures, the particles are coarser than those produced ia the other processes. In a fourth process, ziac metal which is purified ia a vertical refining column is burned. In essence, the purification is a distillation and impure ziac can be used to make extremely pure oxide. Also, a wide range of particle sizes is possible (33). 

In 1989, over 500,000 t/yr of ethylene were traded internationally. The principal exporting countries were in the Middle East, and the principal importing countries were in Western Europe and Asia/Pacific. The tanker fleet that transported the ethylene numbered approximately 30 vessels with capacities ranging from 2000—6500 t (110). These tankers are of the semi-refrigerated type, and transport Hquid ethylene at atmospheric pressure and —104°C. The tankers include rehquefaction plants on board since it is too expensive to vent ethylene. To accommodate the increase in international trade of ethylene, ethylene terminals have been built in the United States, Ear East, Western Europe, and the Middle East with capacities of 35,000 t, 300,000 t, and 70,000 t, respectively (110). 

Table 10.9 Usage of polyethylene in Western Europe and USA 1997 (Based on data in Modem Plastics International)...

Table 20.8 Usage patterns for polycarbonates and polycarbonate/ABS alloys in Western Europe and the USA 1997. (Based on information published in Modern Plastics International)...

CEFIC is made up of the national chemical industry federations of 22 countries in Europe and large international companies which ar e members in their own right. Web site for individual federations and their members is www.cefic.org/produci Jamilies. 

Large-scale crude oil exploitation began in the late nineteenth century. Internal combustion engines, which make use of the heat and kinetic energy of controlled explosions in a combustion chamber, were developed at approximately the same time. The pioneers in this field were Nikolaus Otto and Gottleib Daimler. These devices were rapidly adapted to military purposes. Small internal-combustion motors were used to drive dynamos to provide electric power to fortifications in Europe and the United States before the outbreak of World War I. Several armies experimented vith automobile transportation before 1914. The growing demand for fossil fuels in the early decades of the twentieth centuiy was exacerbated by the modernizing armies that slowly introduced mechanization into their orders of battle. The traditional companions of the soldier, the horse and mule, were slowly replaced by the armored car and the truck in the early twentieth century. 

Corrosion standards, including test methods, in use in Europe, including national, ISO, ASTM, NACE and CEN documents up to the year 1990 are described in the conference proceedings Corrosion Standards European and International Developments , P. McIntyre and A. D. Mercer, eds. The Institute of Metals, London (1991). 

Hewin International Report, The Technology and Markets for Anionic Surfactants—North America, Western Europe and Japan in the Global Perspective 1991 to 1995, and Scenario 2000. 

Heuck CC, Magrath D (1995) The role of WHO and international organizations in promoting international standardization. Europ J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 33 989-992. 

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