Ethnicity Hispanics

Race/ ethnicity (African Americans, Hispanic/ Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans)... 

The prevalence of hypertension differs based on age, sex, and ethnicity. As individuals become older, their risk of high blood pressure increases. Individuals 55 years of age who do not have hypertension are estimated to have a lifetime risk of 90% of eventually developing hypertension. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2000 indicated that hypertension is slightly more prevalent in men (30.1%) than women (27.1%). However, the prevalence increased by 5.6% in women and has remained unchanged in men from 1988 to 2000.5 Hypertension prevalence is highest in African-Americans when compared to non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans.1... 

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and heredity. Ischemic stroke risk is increased in those greater than 55 years of age, in men, and in African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. It is also increased in those with a family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include a number of treatable disease states and lifestyle factors that can greatly influence overall stroke risk. Hypertension is... 

Race or ethnicity (Native American, Latino/Hispanic-American, Asian-American, African-American, and Pacific Islanders)... 

African or Hispanic descent Asian or Eskimo ethnicity... 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

Risk factors for the development of AML include exposure to environmental toxins, Hispanic ethnicity, and genetics.6 Of greater concern is the increased prevalence of AML as a secondary malignancy, resulting from chemotherapy and radiation treatment for other cancers. Alkylating agents, such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, and topoisomerase inhibitors, such as etoposide, are linked to an increased risk of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and AML.8... 

Ethnicity Caucasian Caucasian Caucasian African-American, Asians, Hispanics Most common in Caucasians, rare in dark-skinned people Most common in African descendants... 

Guarnaccia, P. J., Angel, R. Worobey, J. L. (1989). The factor structure of the CES-D in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey the influences of ethnicity, gender, and... 

Chiu et al, 1992 Lin Finder, 1983 Lin et al, 1988b Potkin et al, 1984 Lin etal., 1989 Ruiz et al, 1996 Jann et al, 1989 Jann etal, 1992 Zhang-Wong etal., 1998). The majority of these studies were carried out with haloperidol. A number of studies examined differences between Caucasians and Hispanics, and African Americans and Caucasians (Midha et al., 1988b Midha etal, 1988a Ruiz et al., 1996). In general these studies provided mixed results. Another noteworthy feature of the research literature is that there appear to be no studies that have considered ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics and response for the depot antipsychotics. This may be an artifact of the low levels of depot prescribing found in the US, China, and Japan. 

Wagner etal. (1998) investigated the ethnic differences in antidepressant response to fluoxetine or placebo in 118 depressed, predominantly male, HIVpositive patients (White n = 79, Hispanic n = 17, African American n = 22). Nine Hispanic subjects (53%) dropped out of treatment making the results difficult to interpret. Among completers in the placebo arm, 80% (four out of five) of Hispanic subjects were responders as compared to 36% of African American subjects and 43% of White subjects. 

A small, flexible dose study of citalopram (dosage range = 10-40 mg/day) in 14 Hispanic and 6 non-Hispanic (non-White) depressed HIV-positive patients conducted in Miami also showed no differences in response rate or effective dose between ethnicities (Currier etal., 2004). In addition, Hispanic patients did not have a significantly higher attrition rate compared to non-Hispanics. 

A pooled analysis of 14 875 adults (Hispanic, n = 361 White, n = 10 108 African American, n = 547 Asian, n = 112) who participated in 104 double-blind, placebo-controlled paroxetine trials for mood and anxiety disorders was performed to ascertain minority group differences (Roy-Byrne et al., 2005). There were significant differences in rates of response by ethnicity (p = 0.014) with the odds of responding being lower for the Asian and Hispanic subjects compared to the African American and White subjects. There was also a higher placebo response rate in Hispanic subjects. Rapidity of response and emergence of adverse effects were similar across groups. 

The results from an open-label, pilot study evaluating the efficacy of fluvoxamine for hypochondriasis were recently published (Fallon et al, 2003). The study sample included six Hispanics (subgroup unknown). Significant improvement (57.1%) was noted for the intent-to-treat group (eight out of fourteen) based on physicianrated and self-rated scales. The sample size was too small to identify differences in response or adverse effects by ethnicity. 

Dominguez, R. A., Bravo-Valverde, R. L., Kaplowitz, B. R. Cott, J. M. (2000). Valerian as a hypnotic for Hispanic patients. Cultur. Divers. Ethnic Minor. Psychol., 6, 84-92. 

Gupchup, G. V., Abhyankar, U. L., Worley, M. M., Raisch, D. W. et al. (2006). Relationships between Hispanic ethnicity and attitudes and beliefs toward herbal medicine in older adults. Res. Social Adm. Pharm., 2, 266-79. 

Mendoza, R. Smith, M. (2000). The Hispanic response to psychotropic medications. In P. Ruiz, ed., Ethnicity and Psychopharmacology. (Review of Psychiatry Series, Vol. 19, No. 4 J. O. Oldham and M. B. Riba series eds.) Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 

The United States is becoming more diverse, ethnically and culturally. This process is happening primarily through immigration and also to some extent from differential birth rates ofvarious ethnic groups. Over a third of today s Americans are considered ethnic minorities. Currently Hispanics and African Americans each make up about 15% of the population. It is anticipated that individuals of European ancestry will become less than a majority in 2050 (US Census, 2000). 

Lead-containing ceramic ware used in food preparation has also been associated with childhood lead exposure in children of Hispanic ethnicity in San Diego County, California. One study (Gersberg et al. 1997) used the IEUBK to determine that dietary lead exposure from beans prepared in Mexican ceramic bean pots may account for a major fraction of blood lead burden in children whose families use such ceramic ware. 

M. tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person by coughing or sneezing. Close contacts of TB patients are most likely to become infected. Fifty-four percent of TB patients in the United States are foreign born, most often from Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, India, and China. In the United States, TB disproportionately affects ethnic minorities (African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians). 

There are some significant differences according to race/ethnicity, education, and income of respondents. In general, the percentages of whites and Asians who said they would be very likely or somewhat likely to participate in genetic research are about 8 to 10 points higher p < 0.05) than African Americans and Hispanics. 

Racial/ethnic group membership was expected to be an important factor in an individual s level of trust of these institutions. Controlling for gender, age, education, and income, African Americans were about 40% less likely than whites to trust universities Asians and Hispanics were nearly twice as likely as whites to trust the federal government. However, race/ethnicity was not a factor in trust in the pharmaceutical industry nor in trust in health organizations. 

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