Hispanics

The per capita consumption of rice in the United States has doubled since 1960 to approximately 10 kg in 1989. Over the last decade U.S. rice consumption has benefited from a growing trend in U.S. diets away from high fat animal products and toward grain-based foods. Many health groups encourage use of the complex carbohydrates found in grain products such as rice. Also, increases in the Asian and Hispanic segments of the U.S. 

Race/ ethnicity (African Americans, Hispanic/ Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans)... 

As one might suspect, the modal age range of the arrestees was the twenties. Almost one-half of the men (47 percent) were age 25 or less, and only 19 percent were 36 or older. The majority of the men (54 percent) were black, with a sizable minority (33 percent) being of Hispanic descent. Ten percent of the sample members were white. Education was limited in the men. More than one half (56 percent) never completed high school or its equivalent (GED). 

In a series of 1,000 cases of PCP intoxication (McCarron et al. 1981a), 87 percent of patients were male 45 percent were black, 36 percent Caucasian, and 19 percent Hispanic. The youngest patient was 13 years old and the oldest was 65, with a median age... 

The mean maternal age for the 12 mothers included in this study was 25.8 years, with a range of 20 to 31 years. Mother s race was 75 percent black, 17 percent white, and 8 percent Hispanic. All were low income. Eighty-three percent of the women were multiparas with an average of 5.2 previous pregnancies and 2.7 live births. 

The prevalence of hypertension differs based on age, sex, and ethnicity. As individuals become older, their risk of high blood pressure increases. Individuals 55 years of age who do not have hypertension are estimated to have a lifetime risk of 90% of eventually developing hypertension. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2000 indicated that hypertension is slightly more prevalent in men (30.1%) than women (27.1%). However, the prevalence increased by 5.6% in women and has remained unchanged in men from 1988 to 2000.5 Hypertension prevalence is highest in African-Americans when compared to non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans.1... 

RS, a 67-year-old Hispanic man, comes to your clinic with results from a health fair he attended last week. He is concerned because his blood pressure at that time was 150/70 mm Hg, and when repeated was 154/68 mm Hg. Upon examination, seated blood pressure is 134/82 mm Hg in the left arm and 136/80 mm Hg in the right arm. Repeat measurements 5 minutes later are 142/84 and 138/76 mm Hg in the left and right arms, respectively. 

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and heredity. Ischemic stroke risk is increased in those greater than 55 years of age, in men, and in African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. It is also increased in those with a family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include a number of treatable disease states and lifestyle factors that can greatly influence overall stroke risk. Hypertension is... 

Race (African-American, Hispanic, or Asian-Pacific Islander)... 

In the United States, CF most commonly occurs in the Caucasian population, ranging from 1 in 1900 to 3700 individuals. CF is less common in Hispanics (1 in 9000), African-Americans... 

In the United States, IBS affects women about twice as often as men. However, this may reflect a woman s tendency to seek medical care more often than a man may. Irritable bowel syndrome can occur at any age, but presentation is most common between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Onset beyond 60 years of age is rare. However, prevalence for older adults is the same as for young persons. Prevalence is similar in Caucasians and African-Americans but may be lower in people of Hispanic origin. A genetic link is unproven, but IBS seems more common in certain families. 

Race or ethnicity (Native American, Latino/Hispanic-American, Asian-American, African-American, and Pacific Islanders)... 

African or Hispanic descent Asian or Eskimo ethnicity... 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

In the United States, the incidence of TB is more concentrated in non-white individuals. In 2002, non-Hispanic blacks accounted for 30% of all TB cases, followed by Hispanics at 27%.5 Asians and Pacific Islanders accounted for 22%, whereas non-Hispanic whites accounted for only 20% of the new TB cases.5 TB is most common among people 25 to 44 years of age (35% of all cases), followed by those 45 to 64 years of age (28%) and 65+ years of age (21%). 

A 45-year-old Hispanic man with AIDS presents to the emergency department with fever, nausea, two episodes of vomiting, abdominal pain, and nonbloody diarrhea for 2 days. 

Risk factors for the development of AML include exposure to environmental toxins, Hispanic ethnicity, and genetics.6 Of greater concern is the increased prevalence of AML as a secondary malignancy, resulting from chemotherapy and radiation treatment for other cancers. Alkylating agents, such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, and topoisomerase inhibitors, such as etoposide, are linked to an increased risk of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and AML.8... 

Ethnicity Caucasian Caucasian Caucasian African-American, Asians, Hispanics Most common in Caucasians, rare in dark-skinned people Most common in African descendants... 

Guarnaccia, P. J., Angel, R. Worobey, J. L. (1989). The factor structure of the CES-D in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey the influences of ethnicity, gender, and... 

Chiu et al, 1992 Lin Finder, 1983 Lin et al, 1988b Potkin et al, 1984 Lin etal., 1989 Ruiz et al, 1996 Jann et al, 1989 Jann etal, 1992 Zhang-Wong etal., 1998). The majority of these studies were carried out with haloperidol. A number of studies examined differences between Caucasians and Hispanics, and African Americans and Caucasians (Midha et al., 1988b Midha etal, 1988a Ruiz et al., 1996). In general these studies provided mixed results. Another noteworthy feature of the research literature is that there appear to be no studies that have considered ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics and response for the depot antipsychotics. This may be an artifact of the low levels of depot prescribing found in the US, China, and Japan. 

Collazo, Y. etal. (1996). Neuroleptic dosing in Hispanic and Asian Inpatients with schizophrenia. Mt Sinai. ]. Med., 63, 310-13. 

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