Ethanol biochemical effects

R. A., Mann Koepke, K., 8c Mueller, R. A. (1983). Comparisons of behavioral and biochemical effects of ethanol and chlordiazcjwxidc. 

Alcoholism affects about 10% of the drinking population and alcohol (ethanol) abuse has been implicated in at least 20% of admissions to general hospitals. This chronic disease exhibits high mortality due to a wide variety of factors. Ethanol produces effects in virtually every organ system. The biochemical effects of ethanol are due to increased production of NADH that decreases the [NAD ]/[NADH] ratio in the cytoplasm of liver cells at least tenfold from the normal value of about 1000. Increased production of lactate and inhibition of gluconeo-genesis (Chapter 15) result. The hyperuricemia associated with ethanol consumption has been attributed to accelerated turnover of adenine nucleotides and their catabolism to uric acid (Chapter 27). Alcohol increases hepatic fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis and mobilization of fat from adipose tissue, which can lead to fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. These effects are complicated by a deficiency of B vitamins and protein. 

Kotorman M, Lackzko I, Szabo A et al (2003) Effects of Ca + on catalytic activity and conformation of trypsin and a-chymotrypsin in aqueous ethanol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304 18-21... 

Hundt W, Holter SM, Spanagel R Discriminative stimulus effects of glutamate release inhibitors in rats trained to discriminate ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59 691-695, 1998... 

Flora SJS, Tandon SK. 1987. Effect of combined exposure to lead and ethanol on some biochemical indices in the rat. Biochem Pharm 36 537-541. 

Kiianmaa, K., Nurmi, M., Nykanen, I., and Sinclair, J.D., Effect of ethanol on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 52, 29, 1995. 

Process Biochem., 41, 1682 (2006). Evaluation of Optimization Techniques for Parameter Estimation Application to Ethanol Fermentation Considering the Effect of Temperature. 

C. D. Stubbs, B. W. Williams, C. L. Pryor, and E. Rubin, Ethanol-induced modifications to membrane lipid structure—Effect on phospholipase A2-membrane interactions, Arch. Biochem. 262, 560-573 (1988). 

Acute neurological effects are probably caused by alcohol dissolving in the plasma membrane and increasing huidity of membranes (similar to the action of the volatile anaesthetics) which affects ion channels and receptors, particularly neurotransmitter receptors. Three proposed biochemical explanations for effects of ethanol are ... 

Fernandez-Teruel A, DriscoU P, Gil L, Tobena A, Escorihuela RM (2002) Enduring effects of environmental enrichment on novelty seeking, saccharin and ethanol intake in two rat lines (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) differing in incentive-seeking behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73 225-231... 

Nonaka, M., K. Yamashita, Y. lizuka, M. Namiki, and M. Sugano. Effect of dietary sesaminol and sesamin on eicosanoid production and immunoglobulin level in rats given ethanol. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1997 61(5) 836-839. 

Savolainen, H., Vainio, H., Helojoki, M. Elovaara, E. (1978) Biochemical and toxicological effects of short-term intermittent xylene inhalation exposure and combined ethanol intake. Arch. Toxicol., 41, 195-205... 

Pickworth, W.B. et al., Acetaminophen fails to inhibit ethanol-induced subjective effects in human volunteers, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 41, 189, 1991. 

Flora SJS, Dhawan M, Tandon SK. 1991. Effects of combined exposure to aluminum and ethanol on aluminum body burden and some neuronal, hepatic and hematopoietic biochemical variable in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 10 45-48. 

Chander, R., Singh, C., and Kapoor, N.K. 1988. Effect of chronic ethanol administration on serum lipoproteins lipid profile in rats. Biochem. Life Sci. Adv. 7, 25-27. 

Lawford, H. G. and Rousseau, J. D., Effect of acetic acid on xylose conversion to ethanol by genetically engineered E. coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992, 34-35, 185-204. 

Much is known about the biochemical toxicology of hepatotoxicants, yet much remains to be learned. Hepatotoxicity resulting in either cell necrosis, fibrosis, or fatty infiltration is known to be a widespread phenomenon, potentially of importance to human health. It is caused by numerous drugs and environmental agents, and its incidence is expected to increase as confounding viral liver disease becomes more prevalent. Much is known about mechanisms based upon comprehensive studies with a few prototypical chemicals—namely, CCb, ethanol and acetaminophen—which support a convergence of varied primary effects on the ultimate failure of mitochondrial function and Ca2+ homeostasis. The extensive metabolic activity of the liver exposes its cells to a continuous flux of prooxidants. The importance of metabolic activation for the production of reactive metabolites is well-... 

Psychotropic effects. Ethanol is unusual in that it is freely soluble in both water and lipids. Thus, it has access to all regions of the highly vascularized brain. Although the molecular basis of ethanol action in the brain is not clear, it is evident that ethanol influences a number of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. Suggest a biochemical explanation for the diverse effects of ethanol. 

Comoglio, A., Tomasl, A., Malandrlno, S., Poll, G., Albano, E. Scavenging effect of silipide, a new silybin-phospholipid complex, on ethanol-derived free radicals. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995 50 1313-1316... 

Lee CS, Kin YJ, Ko HH, Han ES. Synergistic effects of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol on cell viability loss in PC12 cells by increase in mitochondrial permeability transition. Biochem Pharmacol 2005 70(2) 317-25. 

Thompson ABR, Keelan M, Clandinin MT. Feeding rats a diet enriched with saturated fatty acids presents the inhibitory effects of acute and chromic ethanol exposure on the in vitro uptake of hexoses and lipids. Biochem Biophys Acta 1991 1084 122-128. 

The chronic effect of carbon disulfide and ethanol was examined by Opacka et al. (1984). Rats were exposed to 257 ppm of carbon disulfide for 5 hours a day, 6 days a week, for 11 months, and 10% ethanol (in water ad libitum for the last 3 months, control water ad libitum). Control rats were exposed to filtered air. The behavior, memory, and learning ability of the ethanol-fed rats were adversely affected compared to controls. Additional studies indicate biochemical alterations in the central nervous system and increased -glucuronidase activity ultrastructural studies show degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, particularly in the myelin sheath. These authors reported that the effects from combined exposures are greater than those from each substance alone. Wronska-Nofer et al. (1986) investigated the... 

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