Ethanol, biochemical

Biological—Biochemical Processes. Fermentation is a biological process in which a water slurry or solution of raw material interacts with microorganisms and is enzymatically converted to other products. Biomass can be subjected to fermentation conditions to form a variety of products. Two of the most common fermentation processes yield methane and ethanol. Biochemical processes include those that occur naturally within the biomass. 

The production rate of acetic acid was 2kg-h 1, where the maximum acetic acid concentration was 12%. Air was pumped into the fermenter with a molar flow rate of 200 moMi-. The chemical reaction is presented in (E. 1.1) and flow diagram in Figure 9.5. Determine the minimum amount of ethanol intake and identify the required mass balance for the given flow sheet. The ethanol biochemical oxidation reaction using A. aceti is ... 

Dhawan M, Flora SJS, Singh S, et al. 1989. Chelation of lead during, co-exposure to ethanol. Biochem Int 19 1067-1075. 

Badger, T. M., Hoog, J.-O, Ronis, M. J. J., and Ingelman-Sundberg, M. Cyclic variation of class I alcohol dehydrogenase in male rats treated with ethanol. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 274, 684-688, 2000. 

Hungund DL, Gokhale B. Reduction of fatty acid ethyl ester accumulation by ganglioside GM 1 in rat fetus exposed to ethanol. Biochem Pharmacol 1994 48 2103-2108. 

Kotorman M, Lackzko I, Szabo A et al (2003) Effects of Ca + on catalytic activity and conformation of trypsin and a-chymotrypsin in aqueous ethanol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304 18-21... 

Wong LK, Biemann K. A study of drug interaction by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry—synergism of chloral hydrate and ethanol. Biochem Pharmacol (1978) 27, 1019-22. 

Ferrer B, ermudez-Silva F], Bilbao A, Alvarez-Jaimes L, Sanchez-Vera I, Giuffrida A, et al. Regulation of brain anandamide by acute administration of ethanol. Biochem J 2007 404 97-104. 

Biochemistry resulted from the early elucidation of the pathway of enzymatic conversion of glucose to ethanol by yeasts and its relation to carbohydrate metaboHsm in animals. The word enzyme means "in yeast," and the earfler word ferment has an obvious connection. Partly because of the importance of wine and related products and partly because yeasts are relatively easily studied, yeasts and fermentation were important in early scientific development and stiU figure widely in studies of biochemical mechanisms, genetic control, cell characteristics, etc. Fermentation yeast was the first eukaryote to have its genome elucidated. 

Increasingly, biochemical transformations are used to modify renewable resources into useful materials (see Microbial transformations). Fermentation (qv) to ethanol is the oldest of such conversions. Another example is the ceU-free enzyme catalyzed isomerization of glucose to fmctose for use as sweeteners (qv). The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a biochemical competitor for the acid catalyzed reaction. 

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING TABLE 24-2 Comparison of Ethanol Fermenters... 

Fig. 8.6 Absorption spectra of slightly autoxidized dinoflagellate luciferin in 50% ethanol (A), and the blue oxidation product in methanol (B). From Dunlap et al., 1981, with permission from the Federation of the European Biochemical Societies.

The following biochemical reaction represents sugar fermentation. Ethanol is the end product, which may be used as a useful bioprocess chemical. 

Glycylglycine ethyl ester hydrochloride (obtained from Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation) was recrystallized twice from mixtures of ethanol and ether to separate the pure salt, m.p. 181-182°. 

Hundt W, Holter SM, Spanagel R Discriminative stimulus effects of glutamate release inhibitors in rats trained to discriminate ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59 691-695, 1998... 

Thiele TE, Miura Gl, Marsh DJ, et al Neurobiological responses to ethanol in mutant mice lacking neuropeptide Y or the Y5 receptor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 683-691, 2000... 

Okino T, Nakajima T, Nakano M. 1991. Morphological and biochemical analyses of trichloroethylene hepatotoxicity Differences in ethanol- and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 108 379-389. 

Watanabe, T. et al., Separation and determination of yellow and red Safflower pigments in food by capillary electrophoresis, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 61, 1179, 1997. Fekrat, H., The application of crocin and saffron ethanol-extractable components in formulation of health care and beauty care products. Proceedings of International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Biotechnology, Fernandez, J.A. and Abdullaev, R, Eds., Albacete, Spain, 2004, p. 650. 

Mclntire W, DJ Hopper, JC Craig, ET Everhart, RV Webster, MJ Causer, TP Singer (1984) Stereochemistry of l-(4 -hydroxyphenyl)ethanol produced by hydroxylation of 4-ethylphenol by / -cresol methylhydroxy-lase. Biochem J 224 617-621. 

Bernstein, J., Videla, L. and Israel, Y. (1973). Metabolic alterations produced in the liver by chronic ethanol administration changes related to energy parameters of the cell. Biochem. J. 134, 515-521. 

Boveris, A., Fraga, C.G., Varsavsky, A.I. and Koch, O.I. (1983). Increased chemiluminescence and superoxide production in the liver of chronic ethanol-treated rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 227, 534-541. 

Klein, S.M., Cohen, G., Lieber, C.S. and Cederbaum, A.l. (1983). Increased microsomal oxidation of hydroxyl scavenging agents and ethanol after chronic consumption of ethanol. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 223, 425-432. 

Shaw, D.S. and Jayatilleke, E. (1990b). The role of aldehyde oxidase in ethanol-induced hepatic lipid pexoxidation in the rat. Biochem. J. 268, 579-583. 

Albano, E., Tomasi, A., Persson, J.O., Terelius, Y., Goria-Gatti, L., Ingelman-Sundberg, M. and Dianzani, M.U. (1991). Role of ethanol inducible cytochrome P-450 (P450IIE1) in catalysing the free radical activation of aliphatic alcohols. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 1895-1902. 

Corongiu, F.P., Lai, M. and Milia, A. (1983). Carbon tetrachloride, bromotrichloromethane and ethanol acute intoxication. New chemical evidence for lipid peroxidation in rat tissue microsomes. Biochem. J. 212, 625-631. 

Once the product specifications have been fixed, some decisions need to be made regarding the reaction path. There are sometimes different paths to the same product. For example, suppose ethanol is to be manufactured. Ethylene could be used as a raw material and reacted with water to produce ethanol. An alternative would be to start with methanol as a raw material and react it with synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to produce the same product. These two paths employ chemical reactor technology. A third path could employ a biochemical reaction (or fermentation) that exploits the metabolic processes of microorganisms in a biochemical reactor. Ethanol could therefore also be manufactured by fermentation of a carbohydrate. 

For biochemical reactions, the performance of the reactor will normally be dictated by laboratory results, because of the difficulty of predicting such reactions theoretically6. There are likely to be constraints on the reactor performance dictated by the biochemical processes. For example, in the manufacture of ethanol using microorganisms, as the concentration of ethanol rises, the microorganisms multiply more slowly until at a concentration of around 12% it becomes toxic to the microorganisms. 

Flora SJS, Tandon SK. 1987. Effect of combined exposure to lead and ethanol on some biochemical indices in the rat. Biochem Pharm 36 537-541. 

Murphy, J.M., McBride, W.J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.K., Monoamine and metabolite levels in CNS regions of the P line of alcohol-preferring rats after acute and chronic ethanol treatment, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 19, 849, 1983. 

Kiianmaa, K., Nurmi, M., Nykanen, I., and Sinclair, J.D., Effect of ethanol on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 52, 29, 1995. 

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