Eicosanoid production

The biological effects of the more important eicosanoids are listed in Table 36.1. The production of inflammatory eicosanoids is an important target ofnwny anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, the side effects of these drugs frequently result from their inhibition of eicosanoid production. 

Nonaka, M., K. Yamashita, Y. lizuka, M. Namiki, and M. Sugano. Effect of dietary sesaminol and sesamin on eicosanoid production and immunoglobulin level in rats given ethanol. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1997 61(5) 836-839. 

Elsewhere, the effects of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response have been investigated. This investigation demonstrates that both propolis and its component, chlorogenic acids, inhibit eicosanoid production which can strongly affect the immune and inflammatory response. Consequently, the effect on eicosanoid production by propolis may be due to chlorogenic acids of propolis component [83],... 

Fusco, A.C., Salafsky, B. and Kevin, M.B. (1985) Schistosoma mansoni eicosanoid production by cercariae. Experimental Parasitology 59, 44-50. 

Yoshikawa K., Kita Y., Kishimoto K., and Shimizu T. (2006). Profiling of eicosanoid production in the rat hippocampus during kainic acid-induced seizure - Dual phase regulation and differential involvement of COX-1 and COX-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281 14663-14669. 

Leslie CC. Regulation of arachidonic acid availability for eicosanoid production. Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 82 1-17. 

The major eicosanoid products of the renal cortex are PGE2 and PGI2. Both compounds increase renin release normally, however, renin release is more directly under Bi adrenoceptor control. The glomeruli synthesize small amounts of TXA2 but this potent vasoconstrictor does not appear to be responsible for regulating glomerular function in healthy humans. 

It is clear from the above discussion that alterations in dietary lipid intake can profoundly affect cell membrane composition in human skin, and consequently influence many physiological and pathological processes. While deficiency of LA results in loss of barrier function and hyperproliferation, an altered n-3 and n-6 EFA balance may influence many processes including a wide range of inflammatory and immune responses, and skin carcinogenesis. There is evidence that alterations in eicosanoid production may contribute to many of the activities, while there is also an increasing understanding... 

McCarty, M.F., Fish oil may impede tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness by down-regulating protein kinase C and modulating eicosanoid production, Med. Hypotheses, 46, 107, 1996. 

Patel P. M., Drummond J. C., Cole D. J., and Yaksh T. L. (1994) Differential temperature sensitivity of ischemia-induced glutamate release and eicosanoid production in rats. Brain Res. 650, 205-211. 

Urquhart, P., Parkin, S.M., Rogers, J.S., Bosley, J.A., Nicolaou, A. 2002. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on arachidonic acid metabolism and eicosanoid production in human saphenous vein endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1580, 150-160. 

The modulatory effect of n-3 PUFAs on eicosanoid production could also be achieved at the enzyme level. The action of n-3 fatty acids that decreases the production of PGE2 could be an effect of down-regulation of COX-2 activity in local tissues (129, 130). In a study with rats, dietary n-6 PUFA up-regulated COX-2 and, to some extent, COX-1 expression leading to a concomitant increase in COX enzyme activity and prostaglandin synthesis, but fats containing added menhaden oil (high in n-3 PUFAs) had an opposite effect (131). 

Clear differences between feeding seal oil, with eicosapentaenoic acid and doco-sahexaenoic acid mainly at the outer positions of TAG, or fish or squid oil with these fatty acids mainly at the inner position, were obtained on eicosanoid production (71), reduction of triglyceridemia (4), and serum phosphohpid arachidonic acid content (72). In general, the positive effects of these fatty acids seem to be more pronounced when they are esterified at the outer position dietary of triacylglycerols. Moreover, fatty acid effects are not only dependent on the nature of the fatty acid and its positional incorporation in acylglycerols but also on coingestion with other fats (73) and other dietary macronutrients (74). 

Dennis, E. A. (1987). Regulation of eicosanoid production Role of phospholipase and inhibitors. Biotechnology 5, 1294-1300. 

Platelets in hypercholesterolemic patients are more susceptible to aggregation than normal subjects [72]. Aggregation is mediated by several mediators, including cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid [73]. A deficiency of vitamin E enhanced eicosanoid production in platelets [74,75]. 

Sedgwick, A.D. Lees, P. (1986) Studies of eicosanoid production in the air pouch model of synovial inflammation. Agents and Actions, 18, 429-438. 

Gallai, V., Sarchielli, P., Trequattrini, A., Franceschini, M., Floridi, A., Firenze, C., Alberti, A., Di Benedetto, D., and Stragliotto, E. 1995. Cytokine secretion and eicosanoid production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients undergoing dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Neuroimmunol. 56, 143-153. 

Patel, P. M., Drummond, J. C., Mitchell, M. D., Yaksh, T. L., and Cole, D. J., Eicosanoid production in the caudate nucleus and dorsal hippocampus after forebrain ischemia a microdialysis study, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 12, 88, 1992. 

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