Ethanol derivatives

Katz, J.I., Terry, P., and Witkin, J.M., Comparative behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of cocaine and its ethanol-derived metabolite, cocaine ethyl-ester (cocaethylene), Life Sci., 50, 1351, 1992. 

Lebedev A one-step process for converting ethanol, derived from carbohydrates, to butadiene, using a mixed alumina/zinc oxide catalyst at approximately 400°C ... 

The use of ethanol-derived H2 for power generation through fuel cells suggests that the overall process completes the carbon cycle adding little or no net carbon to... 

The oxidative cyclization of chiral 2-pyrrolidino-l-ethanol derivatives is shown in the reaction of 251 with trimethyl-amine iV-oxide and a substoichiometric amount of cyclohexadiene iron tricarbonyl to produce the corresponding oxazolopyrrolidine ring 252. The mechanism of this reaction is unknown. Both amine oxide and iron complex are essential for the reaction (Equation 39) <2005TL3407>. 

A variety of alternative fuels, including LPG, CNG, ethanol, methanol, as well as electricity, have been implemented on a small scale in the USA, but with limited success - the total number of alternative fuelled vehicles remains less than 1 % of the total fleet (Davis and Diegel, 2007). The largest alternative fuel used in the USA is ethanol derived from corn, which is currently blended with gasoline up to 10% by volume in some regions, and accounts for 3% of US transportation energy use. 

Higher differences for the interaction of both the biological and the synthetic receptors with the two enantiomers are found for the propanol-derivatives than for the ethanol-derivatives (Norephedrine, Metaraminol vs. Octopamime, Noradenaline Pseudoephedrine, Ephe-drine vs. Synephrine, Adrenaline). 

Scheme 5.24. The reaction of 2-(2-aminophenylamino)ethanol at 110°C for 17h in the presence of 25% catalyst gave N-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaUne in 80% yield. Similar reactions of 2-(2-aminophenylamino)ethanol derivatives gave corresponding tetrahydroquinoxaUne products in moderate to high yields, although a longer reaction time and a higher catalyst loading were required. 1-Methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-benzo[b][l,4]diazepine was also obtained in 68% yield after the reaction for seven days.

Ethanol, Nitroxytrinitro. See Ethanol-2 2,2-trinitro-l-nitrate under Ethanol Derivatives... 

Ethanol from fermentation is relatively expensive because of the great financial and environmental costs of growing food biomass, a process that requires vast amounts of water and fertilizer. Ethanol derived from petroleum is actually less expensive. (But only because crude oil prices are kept artificially low. If taxpayer subsidies, exemptions from paying for the environmental damage from mining and drilling, and the cost of military protection are factored in, the price of crude oil quadruples.)... 

C is-fused tetrahydrofurans are produced when 2-cycloalkenyl-substituted ethanol derivatives are cy-clized via 5-exo ring closure (equation 14 and Table 5). The related 1-cycloalkenyl alcohol systems also yield cri-fused tetrahydrofurans upon reaction with phenylselenyl reagents, similar to their carboxylic acid analogs (see equation 12).60 A sulfoetherification to a fused ring tetrahydrofuran from a system with an exocyclic methylene provided an 86 14 ratio of cis- and frans-fused isomers.61... 

The clinical importance of ALDH2 deficiency for alcohol ingestion rests on the chemical reactivity and therefore toxicity of the ethanol-derived substrate acetaldehyde. It may produce facial flushing and a drop in blood pressure with tachycardia (94), i.e., effects which are perceived as an unpleasant sensation. These tend to occur after ethanol intake if the enzymatic removal of acetaldehyde is not fast enough. The unpleasantness, or even an embarassed reaction to the visual flushing, have been deterrents of excessive ethanol consumption and thereby of alcoholism. In Japan however, the deterrent effect of these sensations has been claimed to be gradually diminishing (95). 

Oxidation of l-(3-allylnaphthalen-2-yl)ethanol derivative 132 under Wacker oxidation conditions gives 5-(benzyloxy)-7,9-dimcthoxy-l,3-dimethyl-l//-bcnzo[g isochromene in excellent yield (Equation 62) <20040BC2461>. 

Replacing the rigid proline core with a more flexible pipecolinic acid, as in 83, led to an increased selectivity (Table 7.7, entry 3) [79]. However, a real improvement was attained with catalysts 84a,b, where 1,2-diphenylamino ethanol derivatives were used instead of aniline to form the amide (entries 4 and 5). Configuration at the a-carbon of the amino alcohol moiety proved to be critical in forming the matched pair (compare entries 4 and 6), while configuration at the /Tcarbon bore no influence on the enantioselectivity (compare entries 4 and 5). 

Electron capture negative chemical ionization (ECNI) with methane as reagent gas was used to analyze 17 halogenated diphenylethene, -ethane and -ethanol derivatives such as DDE (150), DDD (151), DDT (152) and dicofol (153)335. Both the ethylenic double bond... 

Such a country is Brazil. Burdened under a massive balance of payments deficit due mainly to a lack of any petroleum reserves, Brazilians have been looking to other fuel sources for some time. Already some Brazilian gasoline contains a substantial percentage of ethanol derived from biomass fermentation (principally sugar cane bagasse and molasses). 

Comoglio, A., Tomasl, A., Malandrlno, S., Poll, G., Albano, E. Scavenging effect of silipide, a new silybin-phospholipid complex, on ethanol-derived free radicals. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995 50 1313-1316... 

Biopolymers and sustainable growth have been recently discussed by Singh (2). "Biopolymers" are defined as polymers made from "renewable" resources. However, not all biopolymers are biodegradable (2). For example, Dow and a Brazilian company called "Crystalsev" announced a joint venture in 2007 to manufacture LLDPE using ethylene produced from ethanol derived from sugarcane (22, 23). Though such LLDPE may be considered a biopolymer, it will not be any more biodegradable than LLDPE from petroleum-based ethylene. 

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