Population different groups

These equations apply when an entire population is available for measurement. The most common situation in practical problems is one in which the number of measurements is smaller than the entire population. A group of selected measurements smaller than the population is called a sample. Sample statistics are slightly different from population statistics but, for large samples, the equations of sample statistics approach those of population statistics. 

Analysis of the MHR by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) revealed three distinct populations to be present, which were isolated on a preparative scale. The composition of the populations differed mainly in the relative proportion of rhamnose, xylose and the amount of methyl esters and acetyl groups, although the general characteristics were rather similar (Table 2). However, degradation studies with RGase showed that, in contrast... 

Pesticides marked influence on the health not only of those who used them, but of the entire population, was seen in all the Republics of the former USSR Azerbaijan [72], Armenia [A99], Kirgizstan [3], Belorussia [A105], Moldavia [11, 73, A42], Russia [3], Tajikistan [All, A86, A87, A95], Turkmenistan [3], Uzbekistan [57, A19, A33, A44, A49, A59, A62], and the Ukraine [3, A79]. Above, we looked at this issue from the point of view of how different groups of pesticides act. In this section we discuss two further aspects the geographical and medical-environmental (epidemiological). 

Stuer et al. [46] evaluated the presence of the 25 most used pharmaceuticals in the primary health sector in Denmark (e.g., paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, diazepam, and ibuprofen). They compared PECs with experimental determinations and they conclude that measured concentrations were in general within a factor of 2-5 of PECs. Carballa et al. [45] also determined PECs for pharmaceuticals (17), musk fragrances (2) and hormones (2) in sewage sludge matrix. For that purpose they used three different approaches (1) extrapolation of the per capita use in Europe to the number of Spanish inhabitants for musk fragrances (2) annual prescription items multiplied by the average daily dose for pharmaceuticals and (3) excretion rates of different groups of population for hormones. They indicated that these PECs fitted with the measured values for half of them (carbamazepine, diazepam, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and 17a-ethiny I e strad iol). 

The terms race, ethnicity, and minority are also used in this chapter. Race refers to a group that is socially defined on the basis of physical characteristics. Ethnicity refers to a shared culture and lifestyle, especially as reflected in language, folkways, religious and other institutional forms, material culture such as clothing and food, and cultural products such as music, literature, and art. Finally, the term minority group refers to a part of a population differing from others in some characteristics, which often subject them to differential treatment (Byrd and Clayton, 2002 Van de Berghe, 1967). 

For the point group D4h, the atomic d-orbital functions belong to four different group-theoretical representations. When the same representation occurs more than once, as it does, for example, in trigonal point groups, M-1 will contain cross terms between orbitals of the same symmetry, as shown in Table 10.3(a). In this case, we are interested in the population of the symmetry-adapted orbitals ysk, such as defined for the trigonal case by expression (10.2). The symmetry-adapted orbitals are linear combinations of the original functions, that is,... 

Chau CK, Tu EY, Chan DWT, Burnett J (2002) Estimating the total exposure to air pollutants for different population age groups in Hong Kong. Environ Int 27 617-630... 

We have conjectured that dynamic SDR would have advantages over static SDR when the group size (the number of concurrently active members) is much smaller than the total population (the number of distinct potential members). Now we evaluate this conjecture by comparing the performance of static SDR and dynamic SDR for different group sizes. 

In northern seas, fish such as herring, cod, haddock and flounder show intraspecies population differences in life span, structure, age at maturity and various physiological and biochemical characteristics (Shatunovsky, 1963, 1970 Love, 1970,1980 Storozhuk, 1971 Lapin, 1973). In contrast, fish from the Black, Azov and Mediterranean Seas have shorter life spans and display less distinct intraspecifc differences. Moreover, within one sea population, fish of one species do not differ much in age structure, fecundity or spawning character. The most pronounced difference in the latter group of species is the rate of lipid accumulation in sprat from different sites in the Black Sea and anchovy in the Azov Sea (Shulman, 1972b). Comparison of anchovy from the Azov, Black and Mediterranean Seas shows more marked differences in the levels of accumulated lipid and the growth rate (Chapter 2). 

From the selection of specific population groups as identified above, it was clear that the risks from being exposed to OCPs can vary for different groups of individuals in the community. In 1996 a variation of a HI of 3.3 for dieldrin for a hypothetical group of high intake seafood consumers to a small fraction for the other pesticides was estimated. Many persons... 

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