Total daily intake

Results of a systematic study ( ) of food from the German market indicate the average daily intake for male persons amounts to l.l yg for NDMA and 0.1-0.15 yg for NPYR. Approximately 64% of this total daily intake for NDMA is found in beer, while another 10% comes from cured meat products. It is also important to note that food is not only the only source of N-nitrosamine or N-nitrosatable amines to which we are... 

We have previously shown in a survey on the occurence of volatile nitrosamines in commercial food of the German market that beer is the most important source of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (Spiegelhalder et al, 1979 Preussmann et al., 1980 Spiegelhalder et al, 1980) The investigation of about 3000 food samples allowed the calculation of an average daily intake of 1.1 /ug NDMA and of 0.1-0.15/ig N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) for a male adult in the year 1978. For NDMA 64% (= 0.7yug/day) of the total daily intake resulted from the consumption of beer. 

Total daily intake <47.8 pg = <0.68 pg/kg body weight daily for a 70-kg person 2... 

Total daily intake from all sources maximum allowed <160 ng/kg BW 18... 

Humans, Homo sapiens U.S. 1991-96 total daily intake, in pg ... 

It is clear that both the form of molybdenum administered and the route of exposure affect molybdenum metabolism and survival (Table 30.4). By comparison, adverse effects (some deaths) were noted at 250 mg Mo/kg body weight (BW) (in guinea pigs), at 50 mg/kg BW in domestic cats (central nervous system impairment), at 10 mg/L drinking water in mice (survival), at 10 to 15 mg total daily intake in humans (high incidence of gout-like disease), and at to 3 mg/m3 air in humans for 5 years (respiratory difficulties), or 6 to 19 mg/m3 in humans for 4 years (Table 30.4). 

Total daily intake of 100 mg Mo Total daily intake of 141 mg Mo Total daily intake of 500 mg Mo Total daily intake of 1360 mg Mo daily as soluble molybdate 10 mg Mo/kg BW... 

HUMAN HEALTH Total daily intake, 70-kg adult ... 

K/DOQI guidelines recommend that elemental calcium from calcium-containing binders should not exceed 1,500 mg/day and the total daily intake from all sources should not exceed 2,000 mg. This may necessitate combination of calcium- and noncalcium-containing products (e.g., sevel-amer HCL, lanthanum carbonate). 

Threshold Maximum daily dose of drug product Threshold limit based on total daily intake (TDI)... 

The indirect exposure is estimated by the use of FUSES. FUSES estimates concentrations in food and the total daily intake of a substance based on predicted environmental concentrations for (surface) water, groundwater, soil, sediment, and ambient air. The indirect exposure is principally assessed on two spatial scales locally near a point source of the substance, and regionally using averaged concentrations over a larger area. A third spatial scale, the continental scale, is... 

Risk characterization for non-threshold effects, e.g., for chemicals that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic, generally proceeds by comparing the acceptable risk level (Section 6.2.4) with the actual or estimated total daily intake. An alternative, new approach is the margin of exposure approach (Section 6.4). 

To illustrate the application of 2nd-order Monte Carlo analysis, we estimated exposure of Carolina wrens to a hypothetical pesticide in cotton fields in the southwest United States. For this case study, the pesticide is assumed to be persistent, and the goal is to estimate chronic exposure (i.e., total daily intake) at the local field scale. The input data are representative of the kinds of data available during reregistration but, for this case study, are entirely hypothetical. 

The Carolina wren is primarily an insectivorous bird (94% of diet). It is nonmi-gratory and common in the cotton belt area of the southeastern United States. This species has been frequently observed foraging in or near cotton fields. Total daily intake of the hypothetical pesticide was estimated using the equation... 

Some data are available from several fields and held edges to estimate spatial and temporal variability around 30-day mean concentrations. In this case study, the concentration variables for the held are treated as random variables with uncertainty. Because the concentration variables for the edge are minor contributors to total daily intake, the uncertainty about these variables is ignored. 

FIGURE 7.2 Total daily intake for Carolina wrens exposed to a hypothetical pesticide. 

Fluoridation of domestic salt for human consumption was initiated in Switzerland in 1955 [133]. Fluoridated salt usually contains 200-250 mg/kg of fluoride, mostly in the form of potassium salt, so 1 g of fluoridated salt provides 0.20-0.25 mg of fluoride [2]. The average daily adult salt intake is estimated to vary from 5 to 10 g [6] so, if all consumed salt were fluoridated, the total daily intake of fluoride would range from 1 to 2.5 mg. Salt fluoridation can reach the entire population, however, addition of fluoride is limited mainly to domestic salt, leaving salt used by bakeries, large kitchens, enterprises and institutions, as well as by the food industry, unfluoridated. Schemes of fluoridation of domestic salt are most developed in France, Germany and Switzerland [134]. Detailed information on the history and experiences of salt fluoridation in Switzerland, France, Germany, Central and Eastern Europe and America were recently reported [133,135-138]. 

The intake of fluoride from toothpaste listed in Table 6 ranges from 0.003 to 0.012 mg/kg body weight. These data are per brushing estimates and many children brush more than once daily, thus increasing possible intake. Although these quantities may seem to be low at the first sight, they can add considerably to the total daily intake of fluoride. 

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