Equipment Overview

Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field. The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least one should be economically viable. The study will contain the subsurface development options, the process design, equipment sizes, the proposed locations (e.g. offshore platforms), and the crude evacuation and export system. The cases considered will be accompanied by a cost estimate and planning schedule. Such a document gives a complete overview of all the requirements, opportunities, risks and constraints. 

Figure 9.18 provides an overview of the application envelope and the respective advantages and disadvantages of the various artificial lift techniques. As can be seen, only a few methods are suited for high rate environments gas lift, ESP s, and hydraulic systems. Beam pumps are generally unsuited to offshore applications because of the bulk of the required surface equipment. Whereas the vast majority of the world s artificially lifted strings are beam pumped, the majority of these are stripper wells producing less than 10 bpd. 

Naphthenic acids have been the topic of numerous studies extending over many years. Originally recovered from the petroleum distillates to minimise corrosion of refinery equipment, they have found wide use as articles of commerce in metal naphthenates and other derivatives. A comprehensive overview of the uses of naphthenic acid and its derivatives can be found in References 1 and 2. A review of the extensive research on carboxyUc acids in petroleum conducted up to 1955 is available (3), as is a more recent review of purification, identification, and uses of naphthenic acid (4). 

Methods used for the tensile testing of single fibers and fibers taken from yams and tows are discussed in ASTM D3822 and D2101. Measurement equipment used in fiber tensile testing is described in ASTM D76. An overview of test procedures and their significance is also available (3,10). 

Process Overview The process overview includes topics related to the equipment configuration, chemical and physical changes achieved in the specific toll, and special safe work practices related to the operations, maintenance and materials. Emphasis should be given to any new equipment and chemical hazards the startup team will encounter. 

Appendix 1 Shortcut Equipment Design Methods—Overview 391... 

This chapter has only provided a brief overview of the technology of distillation. In part, to highlight some important engineering concepts and equipment, the following summary is given. As described, refinery main fractionators are distillation towers that separate very wide boiling fractions into a series of rough... 

Appendix III provides an overview of process economics. Two principal categories of expenditure are particularly important fixed and operating costs. The fixed cost ( ) can be distributed over the service life of the equipment as an annualized fixed cost ( /yr). The total annualized cost (TAC) of the system is given by... 

Training for process maintenance employees are trained by the employer in maintaining the integrity of proces.s equipment. This training includes an overview of the proces.s, its hazanls and the procedures for safe operation. 

Before committing the company or department to a system of planned maintenance, it is essential that there is a complete overview of the total demand on plant, equipment and resources and the benefits from the implementation of such a system, manual or computerized. Varying systems and/or part systems exist in almost every engineering maintenance department, which are due to company policy, changes in departmental staff or workforce, commitment of persons responsible, or, as is the situation in a number of instances, a previous breakdown, which the... 

Grossel, S. S., An Overview of Equipment for Containment and Disposal of Emergency Relief System Effluents, Journal Loss Prevention Process Industries, (3), 112-124, January 1990. 

This treatise wants to give a short but not necessarily complete overview of the standard rheological equipment of a modem laboratory in the food industry, starting off with purely empirical rheometers like the Ridgelimeter, the Pectinometer of Herbstreith Fox, and penetrometers, passing over to more sophisticated rheometers, capable to give fundamental data. 

Apart from obvious features such as laminarity, there are speculations that flows in micro channels exhibit a behavior deviating from predictions of macroscopic continuum theory. In the case of gas flows, these deviations, manifesting themselves as, e.g., velocity slip at solid surfaces, are comparatively well understood (for an overview, see [130]). However, for liquid flows on a length scale above 1 pm, there is no clear theoretical foundation for deviations from continuum behavior. Nevertheless, various unexpected phenomena such as friction factors deviating from the continuum prediction [131-133] have been reported. A more detailed discussion of this still unsettled matter is given in Section 2.2. At any rate, one has to be careful here since it may be that measurements in small systems lack precision, essentially because of the incompatibility of analysis in a confined space and with large measuring equipment... 

Corrosion and scale deposition are the two most costly problems in oil industries. Corrodible surfaces are found throughout production, transport, and refining equipment. The Corrosion and Scale Handbook gives an overview of corrosion problems and methods of corrosion prevention [159]. 

Overview Batch processes are mostly suited to low volume high value added products that are usually characterised by common recipes, which render them amenable to sharing of equipment units. Due to their intrinsic adaptation to sudden changes in recipe, they are processes of choice in volatile or unstable conditions that have become regular in global markets. This chapter provides the background information on batch chemical processes, which constitutes the basis for the forthcoming chapters. Only the essential elements of batch plants are captured with references, where necessary, to further sources of information for the benefit of the reader. 

This textbook presents a comprehensive overview of some of the milestones that have been achieved in batch process integration. It is largely based on mathematical techniques with limited content on graphical methods. This choice was deliberately influenced by the observation made in the foregoing paragraph, i.e. in order to handle time accurately mathematical techniques seem to be more equipped than their graphical counterparts. The book is organised as follows. 

The range of size polymers available has expanded to the point of being extremely complex [169], both in terms of the main types of size and the numerous combinational possibilities that they represent. The present overview of salient aspects covers the following chemistry of size polymers, the use and properties of sizes, desizing methods, analysis of size polymers and environmental aspects. A summary of the equipment used for sizing is available [170]. 

For the synthetic chemistry part, this is accomplished by using parallel reactors (a chemical reaction takes time, say 30 min), involving automated injection of all components. Such equipment had already been developed for pharma R D and is therefore, widely available. For an overview see, e.g., Tuchbreiter et al. [4] and Schmatloch et al. [8]. Producing materials, e.g., compounds, is less trivial. To produce a series of different polymer samples, e.g., blends, an approach using a mask, see, e.g., Figure 1, is often applied. 

Olsen, K. W., Batch Fluid-Bed Processing Equipment - A Design Overview Parti f Pharm. Tech., 13(l) 34-46 (1989a)... 

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