Batch process integration

A mathematical formulation based on uneven discretization of the time horizon for the reduction of freshwater utilization and wastewater production in batch processes has been developed. The formulation, which is founded on the exploitation of water reuse and recycle opportunities within one or more processes with a common single contaminant, is applicable to both multipurpose and multiproduct batch facilities. The main advantages of the formulation are its ability to capture the essence of time with relative exactness, adaptability to various performance indices (objective functions) and its structure that renders it solvable within a reasonable CPU time. Capturing the essence of time sets this formulation apart from most published methods in the field of batch process integration. The latter are based on the assumption that scheduling of the entire process is known a priori, thereby specifying the start and/or end times for the operations of interest. This assumption is not necessary in the model presented in this chapter, since water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored within a broader scheduling framework. In this instance, only duration rather start/end time is necessary. Moreover, the removal of this assumption allows problem analysis to be performed over an unlimited time horizon. The specification of start and end times invariably sets limitations on the time horizon over which water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored. In the four scenarios explored in... 

This textbook presents a comprehensive overview of some of the milestones that have been achieved in batch process integration. It is largely based on mathematical techniques with limited content on graphical methods. This choice was deliberately influenced by the observation made in the foregoing paragraph, i.e. in order to handle time accurately mathematical techniques seem to be more equipped than their graphical counterparts. The book is organised as follows. 

Puigjaner L., Espuna A., GraeUs M. and BadeU M. 2000. Advanced Concepts on Batch Processes Integration and Resource Conservation Economics. UPC Press, ISBN 84-930526-7-1. 

Cyclic nature of Implement mechanical integrity program batch process (e.g.,, Design equipment for easy replacement start/stop, thermal cycling). Possibil- Consider demand of cycling while designing ity of mechanical equipment and controls wear and tear. Possible loss of containment. ... 

A special case of Equation 2-218 is directly applicable to batch processes for which the mass flowrate terms are zero. The integral material balance for any component i in such a process is... 

As mentioned earlier, a major cause of high costs in fine chemicals manufacturing is the complexity of the processes. Hence, the key to more economical processes is reduction of the number of unit operations by judicious process integration. This pertains to the successful integration of, for example, chemical and biocatalytic steps, or of reaction steps with (catalyst) separations. A recurring problem in the batch-wise production of fine chemicals is the (perceived) necessity for solvent switches from one reaction step to another or from the reaction to the product separation. Process simplification, e.g. by integration of reaction and separation steps into a single unit operation, will provide obvious economic and environmental benefits. Examples include catalytic distillation, and the use of (catalytic) membranes to facilitate separation of products from catalysts. 

Cerda, J., Gutierrez, J., Esplugas, S. and Mata, J., 1990, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 29, 590. Charalambides, M.S., 1996, Optimal Design of Integrated Batch Processes , Ph. D. Thesis, University of London, the Imperial College, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, November, London. 

T. Majozi, Batch Chemical Process Integration, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2588-3 2, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010... 

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