Environmental Baseline

When the environmental baseline is established one can proceed with predicting the magnitude of potential impacts onto receptors at risk for exposure assessment in EcoRA terms. This includes ... 

Ayibatele N.B. First Seosun Environmental Baseline Survey, In proc. of internal, conf on water and environ., 1, 4-26, (1992)... 

National Marine Fisheries Service (1974). Environmental Baselines in Long Island Sound 1972-1973, Informal Rep. No, 42, 2 vols. Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center (unpublished). 

Sandia National Laboratories SNL), 1995b, Sandia National Laboratones, New Mexico Environmental Baseline Update-Revision 1.0, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, March 1995. 

Detailed information on the toxicity of PGM compounds in animal studies are found in [19]. The occurrence of intoxications in connection with cancer therapy is discussed in Sect. 1.2. In general, the toxicity of the PGM is similar to those of other heavy metals, but the risk for living organisms is considered to be small due to the low environmental baseline concentrations. 

The objectives of the audit are first to develop a baseline of the environmental performance of the facility, and then to assess one or more corrective actions (P2 activities) with attractive economics which improve environmental performance. 

Natural gas containing 98% methane and 2% nitrogen by volume is burned in a furnace with 15% excess air. The fuel consumption is 20 cubic meters per second, measured at 290°K and 101.3 kPa (or 14.7 psia). The problem is to determine how much air is required under these conditions. In addition, we want to determine the baseline environmental performance of the furnace by calculating the quantity and composition of the flue gas. 

The EPA argues that the cost of compliance to environmental regulations is small in comparison to baseline industry expenditures. However, there are many hidden costs that oftentimes are not considered when contemplating a control technology investment, and which can escalate and adversely impact on bottom-line economic performance. These so-called other costs include, but are not limited to ... 

To successfully carry out green product design, it is important to be able to properly describe the baseline case, the environmental impact of current methods of achieving a particular goal, and to be able to compare alternative options for achieving that goal. 

Horn, D. Mahanna, J. (2007) IBM Engineering Specification 46G3772 Baseline Environmental Requirements for Supplier Deliverables to IBM. [Online - cited 24 April 2007] Available from URL http //www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/products/46g3772 011007.pdf... 

Wildlife indicators can establish baseline conditions, act as early warning signals of environmental problems, identify the extent of contamination, define critical pathways and responses at multiple trophic levels, as well as integrate biological exposure with the physical and chemical environment (Farrington 1991). Indicator selection is based on a combination of criteria or characteristics that include (Jenkins 1981) ... 

Table 16.9 lists five remedial alternatives and their primary components. The nonaction alternative (Alternative 1) provides a baseline for comparison of other alternatives. Because no remedial activities will be implemented with the nonaction alternative, long-term human health and environmental risks for the site essentially will be the same as those identified in the baseline risk assessment. All other action alternatives with action have four common components ... 

The purpose of an exposure and risk assessment is to characterize the magnitude and extent of human or environmental exposure to selected pollutants and to quantify the potential adverse effects of those exposures. The assessment can be used both to provide a baseline estimate of existing health risks attributable to an environmental pollutant and to determine the potential reduction in exposure and risk for various control options. Exposure and risk assessments are playing an increasingly central role in... 

Forster A., Norden B., et al. Baseline characterization of the C02SINK geological storage site atKetzin, Germany. 2006 Environmental Geosciences 13 145-161. 

Table 3 gives an overview of the environmental impact categories that are taken into account in the environmental impact assessment according to the baseline method that is recommended in the Dutch LCA Handbook [1], The characterization for toxicity is based on factors derived by the Usetox model [12], The impact categories depletion of water and ionizing radiation are not taken into account because reliable characterization factors are not available. 

Greig, R. and D. Wenzloff. 1977. Final report on heavy metals in small pelagic finfish, euphausid crustaceans and apex predators, including sharks, as well as on heavy metals and hydrocarbons (C 15+) in sediments collected at stations in and near deepwater dumpsite 106. Vol. III. Contaminant inputs and chemical characteristics. Pages 547-564 in U.S. Dep. Com. NOAA, Rockville, MD, Baseline Report of the Environmental Conditions on Deepwater Dumpsite 106. 

Initiation of long-term environmental monitoring studies in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to establish appropriate baseline concentrations and to separate these from contaminant effects (Kum-plainen and Koivistoninen 1977 WHO 1980 Hall and Pinkney 1985 Thompson et al. 1985). 

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