Environmental effects, data

D. Layton and co-workers. Conventional Weapons Demilitarisation, A Health and Environmental Effects Data Base Assessment Explosives and Their Co-Contaminants, UERL-21109, Livermore National Lab., University of California, Livermore, Dec 1987. 

Testing and Other Risk Data.(17) TSCA 5(d)(1)(B) (C) required each PMN to contain any (i.e. all) health and environmental effects data that the notice submitter has in his "possession or control," as well as a "description" of other data that are "known to or reasonably ascertainable" by him. Thus, a company must provide EPA all test data that it has developed or otherwise obtained concerning its new chemical, and must inform the Agency concerning any other similar data of which it is aware. However, TSCA does not require companies to perform tests or otherwise develop specific data, as a prerequisite to the submission of PMN s. (J 8 )... 

Upon receipt of a PMN, EPA has little direct recourse for requiring a company to develop and otherwise provide more production and use information. Section 5(e) is EPA s major legal authority for obtaining additional information, and that section focuses upon health and environmental effects data, rather than exposure information. 

In 1998, US-EPA s Administrator invited the Chief Executive Officers of more than 900 chemical companies that account for most of the U.S. manufacture and import of HPV chemicals to participate in the HPV Challenge Program. The program encourages chemical manufacturers to voluntarily test chemicals for which little or no health or environmental effects data were publicly available. 

Shinn JH, Martins SA, Cederwall PL, et al. 1985. Smokes and obscurants a health and environmental effects data base assessment. A first-order, environmental screening and ranking of Army smokes and obscurants. Phase I Report. Lawrence Livermore National Library, Livermore, CA ADA175956. 

Uhrmacher JC, Werschulz PP, Schultz DO, et al. 1986. A health and environmental effects data base assessment of U.S.Army waste material. Final Report, Phase II Report, Carltech Associates, Inc., Columbia, MD. Contract No. DAMD17-84-C-4133. 

Army. 1987d. Conventional weapons demilitarization A health and environmental effects data base assessment Explosives and their co-contaminants. Frederick, MD U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick. Document no. AD A220588. 

There is very little environmental effects data on sodium sulfite. Water fleas (Daphnia sp.) exposed to sodium sulfite for 24 8 h have an LC50 between 200 and 300 mg 1 (US Environmental Protection Agency ECOTOX database). The pEI of the solution, however, can strongly affect how much of the compound is ionized and thus greatly affect the toxicity. 

Other publications deal with the effects and fate of pollutants and experimental techniques for such studies (see for example [44]). In addition, the effects of pollutants on marine organisms are periodically reviewed (for the last review in the series by Reish et al. see [45]). Similar periodic reviews are published for mixing and transport processes [46]. Toxicity data for marine fauna are also available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency database AQUIRE. Generally speaking, the sensitivity of marine fauna to chemicals varies widely, particularly among the crustaceans [47]. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has a database of toxicity and environmental effect data on Hazardous Substances Carried by Ships [48]. 

A TERA must be filed at least sixty days before the research and development begins. The EPA will either approve the TERA, with or without imposing conditions, or reject it. A TERA must include details of the plaimed R D information on confinement, mitigation, and emergency termination and health and environmental effects data in the submitter s possession or control. The EPA has sixty days to review a TERA, but the submitter may not proceed without written authorization from the EPA. ... 

Environmental Concerns. Few data on the environmental effects of the nitroparaffins are available. However, they are known to be of low toxicity to the fathead minnow (109). Based on their uv spectra, the nitroparaffins would be expected to undergo photolysis in the atmosphere. The estimated half-life of 2-nitropropane in the atmosphere is 3.36 h (110). Various values have been determined for the half-life of nitromethane, but it is similar to 2-nitropropane in persistence (111). Reviews of the available data on the environmental effects of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane have been pubhshed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (112,113). 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

The ECOTOXicology database is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three toxicology effects databases AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). These databases were created by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laborator) (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division... 

It is an accepted practice when assessing the environmental effects of pollution on man and his place of abode to use a divisor of 40 (some agencies may divide by 30) against the long-term exposure level in the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA). Much lower exposure limits are necessary due to the much longer term of exposure in the domestic situation. The section of the population most likely to spend long periods of time in the home are those most susceptible to the detrimental effects of pollutants, i.e. the young, the elderly or the infirm. For short-term exposure the known data can be used directly from the list or from animal-exposure data. 

In the case of the ASME codes for nuclear pressurised components, the questions of fatigue design and of flaw evaluation are dealt with separately in ASME Section III and Section XI Appendix A, respectively. The design S-A curve for machined butt welds typical of thick section pressurised components is set at a factor of two on stress range or twenty on cyclic life, whichever is more conservative, below the mean of S-N data developed on smooth cylindrical specimens in air. (A somewhat similar design curve obtained by a different method from experimental S-A data for machined butt welds is given in British Standard 5500.) These safety factors are intended to encompass any adverse influence of minor weld defects, size effects, data scatter and environment. As far as environmental effects are... 

HPVIS provides complete and easy access to technical health and environmental effect information on chemicals that are manufactured or imported to US in volumes greater than IMM lbs per year. Information in this database are submitted through HPV Challenge Program. HPVIS allows users to search for summary information, test plans, and new data on high production volume chemicals as they are developed. 

An exposure and risk assessment will usually integrate a number of different inputs, including health and environmental effects evaluations as well as pollutant profiles for environmental releases, ambient monitoring data, and environmental fate... 

Table 3 describes the main parts of an environmental risk assessment (ERA) that are based on the two major elements characterisation of exposure and characterisation of effects [27, 51]. ERA uses a combination of exposure and effects data as a basis for assessing the likelihood and severity of adverse effects (risks) and feeds this into the decision-making process for managing risks. The process of assessing risk ranges from the simple calculation of hazard ratios to complex utilisation of probabilistic methods based on models and/or measured data sets. Setting of thresholds such as EQS and quality norms (QN) [27] relies primarily on... 

The medical history of a patient with psoriasis should include information about the onset and duration of lesions, family history of psoriasis, presence of exacerbating factors, previous history of antipsoriatic treatment (if any) along with efficacy and adverse effect data, exposure to chemicals and toxins, and allergies (food, drugs, and environmental). 

---