Marine fauna

Figure 2.2. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values of marine fauna from Belize, Ecuador (van der Merwe et al. 1993), and the southwestern Cape coast of South Africa (Sealy and van der Merwe 1986).

Samples for determination of ionic alky Head species in marine fauna were homogenized in the presence of salts and the alkyllead component was extracted with toluene and oxidized with HN03. Determination was by DPASV115. A method based on oxidation on Hg electrode has been described116 for analysis of alkylleads in gasoline. Alkylation of Hg is involved, of course, but as an oxidation the method does not suffer from the background of atmospheric oxygen. The peak potentials Ev for oxidation of tetramethyllead and tetraethyllead on various cathodes are well resolved (Table 5). 

The tropical regions represent the oldest marine habitats, where red and green algae dominate, while brown algae are more abundant toward cold temperate regions. The diversity of marine fauna reaches a maximum in tropical seas, and many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this (Krebs 2001 Willig et al. 2003 ... 

Marine fauna and flora, then, show great promise as a source of leads to new agrochemically useful plant growth regulators or insect control agents. 

Cornelius, P. F. S., Manuel, R. L., and Ryland, L. S., Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe, Oxford Press, New York, 1995, 1. 

In the western part of the bay, which directly faces the open sea, marine fauna are almost completely represented by plankton it contains all the three forms of Acartia clausi (the Azov, the small Black Sea, and the large Black Sea forms), Centropages ponticus, meroplankton, larvae of the balanus B. impro-visus, and larvae of Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Polychaeta. 

Fields, P.A., J.B. Graham, R.H. Rosenblatt, and G.N. Somero (1993). Effects of expected global climate change on marine faunas. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8 361-367. 

Information concerning the methylated form of arsenic in the environment has been scant until recently. Braman and Foreback detected traces of the following arsenicals in natural water, bird eggshells, seashells and human urine dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenate and arsenite. They suggested that dimethylarsinic acid was the major and ubiquitous form of arsenic and that methylarsonic acid was also present, but in lower concentration. Edmonds and Francesconi reported the presence of di- and trimethylated arsenic in marine fauna. 

Fig. 1.13 Diversity trends in (a) marine fauna with preserved skeletal hard parts (C = Cambrian fauna, P = Palaeozoic fauna, M = Modern fauna, = major extinctions after Sepkoski 1984) (b) all organisms (variation in line thickness reflects uncertainty in taxonomic differentiation after Benton 1995).

Kamenskaya, O. E., Bagirov, N. E. Simdianov, T. G. 2002. Luffammina atlantica gen. et sp. nov. (Foraminifera, Arboramminidae) from the hydrothermal area Rainbow (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Im. Kuznetsov, A. P. Zezina, O. N. (ed ) Adapation Aspects of Evolution of Marine Fauna. VNIRO Publishing House, Moscow, 144-152. 

ABSTRACT The coastline of southern Africa is divided into three bio-geographical zones, with each zone sustaining a unique diversity of marine fauna and flora. Associated with this marine biodiversity are relatively high levels of species endemism, often a useful pre-requisite for the discovery of novel, bioactive marine natural products. This review is the first comprehensive presentation of the structures of 143 marine natural products isolated over the last two decades from 30 species representing five phyla of southern African inter-tidal and sub-tidal marine invertebrates. 

Organic isothiocyanates have been isolated from marine fauna and plants . Alkyl, allyl and benzyl isothiocyanates occur in nature as glucosinolates, in plants such as garden cress, horseradish and mustard. Their principal metabolite is a mercapturic acid (26) present in urine. It is analysed by decomposing at pH 5 according to reaction 41 the isothiocyanate is treated with -butylamine (reaction 39, X = S) and the resulting thiourea is extracted and analysed by HPLC. ... 

Other publications deal with the effects and fate of pollutants and experimental techniques for such studies (see for example [44]). In addition, the effects of pollutants on marine organisms are periodically reviewed (for the last review in the series by Reish et al. see [45]). Similar periodic reviews are published for mixing and transport processes [46]. Toxicity data for marine fauna are also available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency database AQUIRE. Generally speaking, the sensitivity of marine fauna to chemicals varies widely, particularly among the crustaceans [47]. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has a database of toxicity and environmental effect data on Hazardous Substances Carried by Ships [48]. 

Two important questions in marine pollution studies are (1) are regulations of uses of chemicals and discharges of wastes reflected in improved quality of the marine environment (2) has pollution affected the health of the oceans as judged by the abundance and health of marine fauna and flora ... 

Chlorinated fatty acids are present in marine fauna in high concentrations (tens to hundreds of pg/g lipid) and brominated unusual fatty acids have been found in some sponges. Some of the chlorinated fatty acids may originate directly from pulp mill effluents or, hypothetically, be formed by metabolism of chlorinated paraffins [142]. 

Tribromophenol and, to a lesser extent, 2,6-dibromophenol, found widely in marine fauna in the ng/g range [143], are of natural origin. 

The most persistent nonionic surfactants are based on alkylphenol ethoxy-lates. These ethoxylates are only moderately accumulated by marine fauna. The bio concentration factors in common mussels Mytilus edulis) decreased from 350 to 50 from nonylphenol to nonylphenol tri-ethoxylate [150]. 

Sea lettuces are eaten by a number of different sea animals, including manatees or sometimes referred as sea cows and the sea slugs known as sea hares (Carefoot, 1979). Not only consumed by marine fauna, many species of sea lettuces are consumed by hmnans in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland, China, Korea, and Japan. As a food for hmnans, sea lettuces are eaten raw in salads, dried, toasted, cooked in soups, as a garnish, etc. Sea lettuces taste better when harvested early in the spring growing season (Misheer et ah, 2006). 

Sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos exposure have been documented for many species of freshwater and marine fauna they include inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity levels in brain and hematopoietic organs, reduction in blood glucose levels, sluggishness, motor incoordination, delayed maturation and growth, renal histopathology, reproductive impairment, and reduced feed intake. Reproductive impairment, for example, was observed in Daphnia magna at 0.08 p,g chlorpyrifos/L. Reduction in settling rate was shown in oyster... 

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