Rearing environment

Rema, V., Ebner, F.F. (1999). Effect of enriched environment rearing on impairments in cortical excitability and plasticity after prenatal alcohol exposure. J. Neurosci. 19 10993-11006. 

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

The nature of the conditions of intensive production, however, can increase the risk of diseases and infections which can spread very rapidly and devastate large numbers of animals." Thus it is common practice for producers of poultry to add coccidiostats to their diets and vaccines to their drinking water in order to prevent coccidiosis and other infectious diseases such as bronchitis and Newcastle disease. A similar problem exists for intensively reared fish, where it is necessary to add antibiotics to their diets. A problem with intensively reared fish is that their diet is added directly into the water in which they live thus drugs and other additives in the diet are relatively easily dispersed into the local environment of fish farms, where they can increase bacterial resistance and also cause problems such as algal blooms. 

Different tests are used on prototypes. As an example industry has a test where a load may be double that of a heavy person. Its two rear legs are positioned in front of an anchored board. The top of the chair has a rope or chain extending backwards to an oscillating device. The top of the chair will be pulled back to the point of almost failing backward and then released. The loaded chair will bounce on its two front legs. This cycle is repeated thousands of times. The industry test has requirements so if the chair is to be used in commercial environment its number of cycles will be many more than a noncommercial chair. 

Sabharwal AK, Belsare DK. 1986. Persistence of methyl parathion in a carp rearing pond. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37 705-709. 

In aquatic environments, organotin concentrations were elevated in sediments, biota, and surface water microlayers collected near marinas, aquaculture rearing pens, and other facilities where organotin-based antifouling paints were used. In some cases, organotin concentrations in the water... 

Lubach, G.R., Coe, C.L., and Ershler, W.B., Effects of the early rearing environment on immune responses of infant rhesus monkeys, Brain Behav. Immun., 9, 31, 1995. 

Taken together, this body of work demonstrates that adult behavioral responses to social odors are shaped by early olfactory experience. Indeed, heterospecific or artificial odor cues associated with the rearing environment acquire attractive properties that can last into adulthood in many rodent species. Furthermore, early experience with opposite-sex odors appears to be critical for the normal development of appropriate behavioral responses to sexual odors in mice and hamsters. Importantly, the behavioral plasticity observed using these different experimental approaches may all be mediated by a classical conditioning model of olfactory learning. The experience-dependent development of odor preference in rodents therefore provides a powerful model for understanding how the olfactory system recognizes and learns the salience of social odors, a function that is critical for the appropriate expression of reproductive behavior. 

Notice the remarkably small component of shared or common family environmental influence. As I mentioned earlier the most direct estimate of this value is the correlation for unrelated siblings reared together. They share a common family environment but no genes. That correlation is also. 08 corresponding precisely to the overall estimate. Common family environmental influence can also be estimated from Table 2. It is simply the difference between the MZT and MZA correlations as the MZTs live together and experience a common family environmental influence and the MZA s do not. In that instance the value is. 07. 

Bouchard, T. J. J. (1996c). IQ similarity in twins reared apart Findings and response to critics. In R. J. Sternberg E. L. Grigorenko (Eds.), Intelligence Heredity and environment (pp.. ), New York Cambridge University Press. 

Juel-Nielsen, N. (1980). Individual and Environment Monozygotic twins reared apart (revised edition of 1965 monograph). New York International Universities Press. 

In humans, studies of hormone and behavior interactions affecting maternal behavior have been limited to correlations between endogenous hormones and a variety of behavioral events normally associated with childbirth. Individual differences, of largely unknown origins, have a major impact on human parental behavior. In addition, child rearing experience is a powerful positive determinant of maternal responsivity, and the social environment, including the presence of supportive companions, can affect subsequent mother-infant interactions (Sosa, et al., 1980). 

In order to study the uptake and the metabolic fate of mephosfolan in fish reared in the rice paddy environment, fifteen Carasslus auratus (goldfish), a member of the carp family were introduced to mephosfolan-treated rice paddy tanks one week after the pesticide treatment. Fish were analyzed at periodic intervals. The radioactive residue levels found at various time intervals in the fish kept in the C-mephosfolan-treated rice paddy environment are presented in Table VII. All fish survived during the course of this study. The predominant metabolite in fish tissue was identified as thiocyanate ion. With this data and the data obtained from paddy water analyses, it is appropriate to evaluate... 

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