Environment Europe

Magan N, Hope R, Colleate A and Baxter E S (2002), Relationship between growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium species, biocides and environment , Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 108, 685-690. 

European Commission, Choices for a greener future, The European Union and the Environment, Europe on the move series, Luxembourg (2002)... 

The idea of clean motor and heating fuels, that is, those having an improved impact on the environment, has been developing since the beginning of the 1980s, first in the United States. It has since then appeared in Europe and will most certainly have its impact in the rest of the world beyond the year 2000. 

Exposure. The exposure of humans and animals to mercury from the general environment occurs mainly by inhalation and ingestion of terrestrial and aquatic food chain items. Pish generally rank the highest (10—300 ng/g) in food chain concentrations of mercury. Swordfish and pike may frequently exceed 1 p.g/g (27). Most of the mercury in fish is methyl mercury [593-74-8]. Worldwide, the estimated average intake of total dietary mercury is 5—10 p-g/d in Europe, Russia, and Canada, 20 pg/d in the United States, and 40—80 pg/d in Japan (27). 

The transport of phthalates by road tankers and ships within Europe is carried out by international companies with sophisticated tank cleaning facihties. Wash waters from these modem faciUties are passed through a series of separators to remove any residual plasticizer which is then incinerated. It is estimated that, as a result of cleaning and spillages, the maximum emission to the environment is 80 t/yr. 

Laws and regulations on the use of chemicals in aquaculture vary by country and serve to ensure safe and effective use and protection of humans and the environment. Regulations and therapeutants or other chemicals that are approved or allowed for use in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan are presented below. 

To reduce or eliminate the scattering of cadmium in the environment, the disposal of nickel —cadmium batteries is under study. Already a large share of industrial batteries are being reclaimed for the value of their materials. Voluntary battery collection and reclaiming efforts are under way in both Europe and Japan. However the collection of small batteries is not without difficulties. Consideration is being given to deposit approaches to motivate battery returns for collection and reclamation. 

Technical and trade organi2ations are concerned with safety and the environment. The Chlorine Institute in North America and Euro Chlor in Western Europe are examples of organi2ations dedicated to the safe production, transport, and use of chlorine. Ha2ard and operabiHty studies (HAZOP) reviews for new designs, plants, and expansions (135) have become required by poHcy in many operating companies. Papers on safety and environmental subjects are given at most technical meetings (136—138). 

Graphitic corrosion is a slow corrosion process, typically requiring many years to effect significant damage. Complete penetration of thick cross sections has, however, occurred in as little as 2 years in adverse environments. On the other hand, cast iron components can be found in use in Europe after 160 years of service. Although graphitic corrosion causes a substantial reduction in mechanical strength, it is well known that corroded cast iron, when sufficiently supported, may remain serviceable when internal pressure is low and shock loads are not applied. 

D. Stannei s and P. Bourdeau, Europe s Environment. The Dohris Assessment, European Environment Ageney, Copenhagen, 1995. 

PCBs and PCTs are particularly troublesome liquids because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment. They are defined as polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, monomethyl-dibromo-diphenyl metliane, monomethyl-dichloro-diphenyl metliane or monomethyl-tetrachlorodiphenyl methane. With low electrical conductivity and heat resistance they found wide use as dielectric fluids and were formerly used as hydraulic fluids. PCBs have not been made in the UK since 1977 and whilst most new uses for the substance are banned in most countries, around two-thirds of the 1.5 million tonnes manufactured in Europe and the US prior to 1985 still remain in equipment such as transformers. PCTs have been used in the past in a restricted range of specialist industrial applications. 

CONCAWE is the oil companies European organization for environment, health and safety. The emphasis of its work lies on technical and economic studies relevant to oil refining, distribution and marketing in Europe. 

The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe s environment by providing timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public. The home page of EEA has links to environmental agencies in 26 European countries. 

FaBeChim - VeBeVeChem, 257 Fad Europe S.p.A., 179 Faimiount Chemical Company, 228 Far Research Inc., 228 Farmland Industries, 228 Federal Department for the Envhonment, 281 Federal Environment Agency Ltd. - Austria, 281 Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), 282 Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS) / The Chemical Society of Japan, 261... 

Everyone s worst fears about nuelear power beeaine a reality in tlie later part of April 1986. A large Soviet reaetor - unit number 4 at Chernobyl, 80 miles nortli of Kiev, and only 3 years old - blew out and burned, spewing radioaetive debris over mueh of Europe. Riidiation levels inereased from Sweden to Britain, tlu-ough Poland, and as far soutli as Italy. The damage eaused to tlie environment far surpassed tliat due to tlie aeeident at Tliree Mile Island. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most extensively recycled polymeric materials. In 1995, 3.5 x 104 tons of PET were recycled in Europe.1 The main reason for the widespread recycling of PET is its extensive use in plastic packaging applications, especially in the beverage industry as plastic bottles. The consistency in terms of volume and availability of postconsumer bottles from sorting facilities and its high material scrap value create an excellent economic environment for PET recycling. 

Plants may be affected by indirect modifications of the environment. Soil acidification, for example, can cause the leaching of nutrients, and the release of toxic aluminum. These effects may operate together to produce nutrient deficiencies or imbalances to plants. High soil concentrations of aluminum may prevent uptake and utilization of nutrients by plants.Increased availability of aluminum in soils has been implicated as a cause of forest declines in both Europe and the United States, possibly through the toxic effects on small feeder roots 14),... 

European Environment Agency (EEA) (2008) Impacts of Europe s changing climate-2008 indicator-based assessment. EEA Report 4/2008 IRC Report JRC47756, Copenhagen, p. 244... 

Dow Chemical Europe Association of Plastics Mfrs.in Europe European Centre for Plastics in the Environment... 

Hill, I.R., Matthiessen, R, and Heimbach, F. (Eds.) (1993). Guidance Document on Sediment Toxicity Tests and Bioassays for Ereshwater and Marine Environments. SETAC Europe Workshop on Sediment Toxicity Assessment. Renesse, the Netherlands, November 8-10, 1993. 

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