Enterovirus

Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter ridant Enterobactin Enterococcus faecalis Enterohepatitis Enteroviruses... 

The circumstances under which water becomes contaminated are as varied as the ways water is taken internally. It is then conceivable that almost any virus could be transmitted through the water route. The increased use of water for recreational purposes increases the incidence of human contact with bodies of water and, consequently, with waterborne viruses and bacteria. The major waterborne viruses among pathogens, and the most likely candidates for water transmission, are the picornaviruses (from pico, meaning very small, and RNA, referring to the presence of nucleic acid). The characteristics of picornaviruses are shown in Table 1. Among the picornaviruses are the enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses. 

Enteroviruses separated from rhinoviruses by acid lability of the latter... 

As a result of several studies, the following conclusions regarding viruses in sewage warrant consideration (1) primary sewage treatment has little effect on enteric viruses (2) secondary treatment with trickling filters removes only about 40 percent of the enteroviruses (3) secondary treatment by activated sludge treatment effectively removes 90 percent to 98 percent of the viruses and (4) chlorination of treated sewage effluents may reduce, but may not eliminate, the number of viruses present. 

Picornavimses are small, nonenveloped RNA vimses. Members of this family include rhino- and enteroviruses, which are responsible for a variety of human diseases (viral respiratory infection, viral meningitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, encephalitis, chronic meningoencephalitis, herpangina, otitis media, neonatal enteroviral disease, and acute exacerbations of asthma). 

Picomaviruses Poliovirus Naked icosahedral particles 28 nm in diameter One of a group of enteroviruses common in the gut of humans. The primary site of multiplication is the lymphoid tissue of the alimentary tract. Only rarely do they cause systemic infections or serious neurological conditions like encephalitis or poliomyelitis... 

Cromeans, T. L., Kahler, A. M., and Hill, V. R. (2010). Inactivation of adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and murine norovirus in water by free chlorine and monochloramine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76,1028-1033. 

Viruses are a common cause of CAP in children (-65%) and much less common in adults ( 15%).8 Viruses often associated with pneumonia in adults include influenza A and B and adenoviruses, whereas less common causes include rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and others. In children, viral pneumonia is caused more commonly by respiratory syncyntial virus, influenza A virus, and parainfluenza virus. The viruses associated with CAP in adults are much less common causes of pneumonia in children. 

Beaulieux Spinal cord of Trireagent (Sigma Enterovirus FFPE tissue is... 

Beauheux F, Berger MM, Tcheng R, et al. RNA extraction and RT-PCR procedures adapted for the detection of enterovirus sequences from frozen and paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed spinal cord samples. J. Virol. Methods 2003 107 115-120. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Other forms of encephalitis (e.g., California, Eastern Equine, St Louis, West Nile, Murray Valley), malaria, dengue fever, meningitis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, enteroviruses, herpes simplex, and Nipah virus. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Typhoid fever, leptospirosis, influenza, mumps, enteroviruses, arboviral encephalitis. 

College of Veterinary Medicine. "Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis Teschen Disease, Talfan Disease, Poliomyelitis Suum, Benign Enzootic Paresis." Iowa State University, August 5, 2005. 

Strong mechanistic evidence from rodent models of autoimmune disease of viral or other infectious agents affecting autoimmunity or progression to overt disease, but harder to demonstrate in humans. Enterovirus (Coxsackie virus) focus of epidemiologic studies in type 1 diabetes, Epstein-Barr virus focus of epidemiologic studies in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 

Gomila, M., Solis, J. J., David, Z., Ramon, C., and Lalucat, J. (2008). Comparative reductions of bacterial indicators, bacteriophage-infecting enteric bacteria and enteroviruses in waste-water tertiary treatments by lagooning and UV-radiation. Water Sci. Technol. 58, 2223-2233. 

No therapy is available for viral meningitis which is mainly caused by enteroviruses and in general has a good prognosis. For Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis i.v. aciclovir is recommended. 

Wang, D. G. and S. R. Wang. Isolation, purification, analysis and antihyperlipidemia effect of green tea polysaccharide. Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 1991 22(4) 225-228. Mukoyama, A., H. Ushijima, S. Nishimura, H. Koike, M. Toda, Y. Hara and T. Shimamura. Inhibition of rotavirus AND ENTEROVirus infections by tea extracts. Jap J Med Sci Biol 1991 44(4) 181-186. 

Poliovirus. A virus of the genus Enterovirus that is the etiological agent of poliomyelitis, separable on the basis of specificity of neutralizing antibody into three serotypes, designated types 1, 2, and 3. 

Pyrazolo[3,4-, pyrimidines 427 and 428 were synthesized and their antiviral activity was evaluated in a plaque reduction assay. It is very interesting that this class of compounds provide remarkable evidence that they are very specific for human enteroviruses, in particular coxsackie viruses <2004BML2519>. 

Chen, H.L., Chang, M.H., Chiang, B.L., and Jong, S.T. (2006). Oral immunization of mice using transgenic tomato fruit expressing VPl protein from enterovirus 71. Vaccine 24(15) 2944-2951. 

Subsequent studies have shown this pocket is present in every known HRV and enterovirus structure. 

There has been considerable debate about how the HRVs accomplish the transfer of RNA from inside the virion into the cell cytosol. This step is crucial for productive uncoating. An important question concerns the requirement for acidification of the endosome for HRVs to release their RNA. Evidence that appeared to conflict was found in a number of studies using either entero- or rhinoviruses (35-39). This question was later addressed by experiments that specifically separated entero- and rhinovirus behavior [40]. These experiments showed that HRVs, unlike poliovirus, require a pH-lowering step for productive infection. This pH lowering is likely to occur in the endosomal compartment. It should be noted that HRV and enteroviruses have been classified historically based on their resistance to acid HRVs are acid-labile, while enteroviruses are stable in acid. Consequently, differences in behavior between the rhino- and enteroviruses in an acidic environment within the cell are not surprising. 

The differences between mice and men should be obvious to the casual reader. Enterovirus-induced paralytic illnesses are systemic infections, and the virus must at some point move through the body and be subject to circulating drug. Upper respiratory infections resulting from rhino-or enteroviruses tend to be localized to the pharynx, which would require that drug titers remain high in this region of the body. 

Tenuazonic acid has a broad toxicity spectrum and is regarded as a mycotoxin [28]. It was first detected as a growth inhibitor of tumour cells (human adenocarcinoma), and was later shown to have weak antibacterial and, at high dose levels (100-500 p,g/ml), antiviral activity towards poliovirus MEF-1, enterovirus (ECHO-9), respiratory viruses (parainfluenza-3), vaccinia and Herpes simplex (HF). It has been shown to be an inhibitor of peptide bond formation in preventing substrate binding to acceptor site of peptidyltransferase in human ribosomes [29]. 

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