Cumulative energy demand

Greiter, M., Novalin, S., Wendland, M., Kulbe, K.-D., and Fischer, J. 2002. Desalination of whey by electrodialysis and ion exchange resins Analysis of both processes with regard to sustainability by calculating their cumulative energy demand. J. Memb. Sci. 210, 91-102. 

Capello et al.16 also assessed the environmental impacts of the life cycles of four solvent mixtures (methanol-water, ethanol-water, methanol-ethanol, and -propyl alcohol-water of different compositions w/w) that can be used for the solvolysis of p-methoxybenzoyl chloride. Different waste treatment scenarios for these binary mixtures (incineration and distillation) were analyzed. It appears that a solvent mixture with a high water content has a low environmental impact because the cumulative energy demand (CED) for the production of water is about three orders of magnitude lower than that for organic solvents.37... 

LCA of raw silk based on pilot survey focusing on cumulative energy demand (CED) Silk has a high CED when compared with other natural fibres. Electricity for irrigation is responsible for most of the noiuenewable energy requirements. Vollrath et al. (2013)... 

To cover a wider spectrum of potential environmental impacts, several indicators from different impact assessment methods were employed, as implemented in Simapro v8.0.2 global warming potential over 100 years (GWPioo) (IPCC, 2006), renewable and nonrenewable cumulative energy demand (CED) [v 1.08] (Hischier et al., 2010), ecotoxicity [USEtox vl.03] (Rosenbaum et al., 2008), agricultural land occupation (ALO) and freshwater eutrophication (EE) [ReCIPe v.1.09] (Goedkoop et al., 2013). 

Vollrath, R, Carter, R., Rajesh, G-N., Thalwitz, G., Astudillo, M.F., 2013. Life cycle analysis of cumulative energy demand on sericulture in India. In 6th BACSA International Conference, pp. 1—13. http //users.ox.ac.uk/ abrg/spider site/pdfs/Silk%20LCA%20Vollrath %20et%20al%202013.pdf (accessed October 2014). 

Bag type Climate change (kg CO2 eq) Cumulative energy demand (MJ LHV) Water use (litres) Litter marine biodiversity (g-y) Litter aesthetics (m"a)... 

VDl (1997) Cumulative Energy Demand-Terms, Definitions, Methods of Calculation, VDl, Dtisseldorf. 

A similar US study in 2014 (Frankhn Associates, Ltd., 2014) estimated that substitution of the 14.4MMT of plastic packaging in the United States would require 64.4 MMT of alternative packaging materials. The substitution would result in 80% increase in cumulative energy demand and 130% higher GWP. 

Patel M. (2003). Cumulative energy demand (CED) and cumulative CO2 emissions for products of the organic chemical industry. Energy, 28, 721-740. 

Figure 13.3 Life cycle data availability for conventional solvents that have been proposed for CO2 capture. CED, cumulative energy demand GWP, global warming potential El-99, Ecoindicator 99.

The other uses the Ecosolvent tool (Capello et al., 2006) to consider the cumulative energy demand (CED) over a substance s whole life cycle. Three figures are arrived at. The first is the CED for its production, reported in megajoules per kilogram of solvent. The net CED after recovery by distillation is calculated assuming 90% recovery, as 10% of the CED for production plus the energy consumed by the distillation of the other 90%. The net CED after incineration is that for production less the energy that may be recovered by efficient incineration. A few examples are listed in Table 8.1. 

TABLE 8.1 Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) for Three Common Solvents, in MJKg" )"... 

Recognizing whether a solvent is actually green. All aspects need to be considered its cumulative energy demand and environmental and workplace health and safety in manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal. 

Maximization of Energy Efficiency Overall energy efficiency was measured by the cumulative life cycle energy use found by the cumulative energy demand (CED) LCIA method. This energy demand includes all energy use in the production of the product, as well as any embedded energy in input materials... 

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